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Nicole Herdman

Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is significant in its scope and brutality and, as��men are common perpetrators and women are common targets, is innately gendered in its existence. Sexual violence is utilized as a weapon of war to intimidate, humiliate, and��dispossess common citizens and is frequently targeted at women, with 89% of victims of��Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) identifying as women in 2019 (United Nations Security��Council 2020, 13; Benshoof 2014, 14). Given this reality, this paper explores the relationship between CRSV and pre-conflict gender dynamics to determine how, if at all, pre-conflict gender dynamics relate to the existence of sexual violence in war. This is done through the comparison of the Yugoslav Wars from 1992 to 1995 and the First and Second Congo Wars ranging from 1996 to 1998 and 1998 to 2003 respectively. It is recognized that CRSV in the Yugoslav Wars was undertaken at a massive rate and scale and was committed by non-Muslim Serbian men onto Muslim women through the establishment of ‘rape camps.’ Pre-conflict societies are found to highly value social constructs of masculinity and femininity and are patriarchal in nature. Additionally, sexual violence was common in pre-conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia and took many cultural forms such as rape play. Moreover, CRSV in the Congo Wars was also committed in a systemic fashion and was particularly brutal in its wide involvement of sexual mutilation tactics. Pre-conflict Congolese communities have definitive constructs of masculinity and femininity and have patriarchal foundations, though women have a unique intrinsic value to their village. Sexual violence was common in pre-conflict societies and was committed for an abundance of reasons, including social power. However, it is determined that a relationship may exist, and additional research is encouraged to determine if there is a correlation or causation between the pre-conflict gender dynamics of a region and the region’s experience of CRSV.

Riley Wallace

This paper will discuss the observed differences between autistic females and autistic males as found through the research studies centering on this topic. In responding to the research question posed of how and in what ways gender bias has led to women and girls being misdiagnosed for autism in North America, and what effect has this had on affected women, it can be observed that a combination of limited criteria and overall understanding of autism is a key factor. Additionally, the responsibility of trusted adults; parents, teachers, and doctors, is highlighted for the pertinent role they play in the timely diagnosis and treatment for autistic females.

Sara Carlisle

This paper will be answering the question “Does Phasmophobia help develop social skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and communication?” In order to answer this question, studies in relation to video game use will be applied to primary sources related to Phasmophobia to show if these skills are accurately represented in this game. General discourse on video games will be provided to show the areas of research previously investigated��as well as some history on the development of video games.

Nour Saad

This paper discusses the difference in media coverage between the Western world, specifically the United States, and the Middle Eastern World, specifically Lebanon. The coverage of the tragedy of Lebanon’s 2006 war and Lebanon’s economic and political situation today, after the Beirut Port explosion, are the two events analyzed specifically. Through the use qualitative research of past and current criticisms of the United States media and the analysis of specific news articles, different observations are identified to highlight the gap in information that the United States fails to share with the rest of the world in relation to Lebanon’s need for help. With Lebanon being on the verge of becoming a third world country, the media’s attention is critical to raise awareness to the public and force people in power to act upon bringing Lebanon back to life.

Serena Laverty

With the recent reinstallation of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the failures of the United��States' "war on terror" campaigns are salient. How did American officials justify a��counterterrorism response that was legally and morally dubious, and ultimately, ineffective?��This paper examines how nationalist rhetoric was employed by the Bush and Obama administrations to legitimize a military response to terrorism following 9/11. By conducting discourse analysis on key presidential speeches, this paper identifies three patterns of nationalist rhetoric in the broader counterterrorism narrative: a construction of us versus them, the myth of American exceptionalism, and a national narrative of victimhood through the memorialization of 9/11. A comparison between Bush and Obama illuminates how presidential rhetoric effectively discouraged dissent due to pre-existing nationalist narratives and cultural beliefs in American society. The persuasive power of nationalism in times of war and a need to critically examine the policies hidden behind political rhetoric are discussed.

��Full abstract title:��America’s Justification for the War on Terror: Nationalist Rhetoric and the Legitimization of��Military Force from the Bush to Obama Administrations��

Morgan M Berg

This paper uses a horizontal framework to discuss the changing dynamics between Indigenous communities and Eurocentric archaeologists at the turn of the twenty-first century. It looks to address pre-collaborative Canadian archaeology, and how this period held tense relationships between these two groups and why. It goes on to note a shift in these dynamics, discussing the transition in archaeology to a more collaborative, Indigenous-centered process, and how new developments in the field such as Indigenous archaeology aim to decolonize the field of archaeology as a whole. It converses on how these changing relations hold significance for the field of peace and conflict studies, and how they can contribute to peacebuilding and reconciliatory practices going forward. Finally, it notes some suggestions for future directions the field of archaeology can take in the future on this topic.

Cass Schmidt

This paper recognizes the shift in reporting on racism in policing between 2019 and 2021.��Analyzing how Canadian news platforms play a huge role in aiding victims in receiving justice, while also keeping some instances concealed by simply neglecting to report on them. The news media, in which it portrays certain individuals and/or certain situations, can be manipulated to appeal to a specific audience, as it has a way of impacting the viewer's beliefs, emotions, and behaviors towards certain individuals. This study analyzes past cases, and how they have made an impact on the way people view police and their acts of racism. The paper analyzes CBC News and its reports on this topic between 2019 and 2021. It shows that in 2021, news media platforms have taken a novel approach in reporting on racism in policing, as they focus on the��victim and place, the police under a microscope, analyzing their actions and whether they were appropriate for the situation at hand. The paper offers a conclusion, that since 2019, news media platforms have changed exceptionally regarding reporting on racism in��policing, and providing victims and their families with the recognition and justice they have��longed for.

Alice Sandiford

It is of no debate at this point that systems, particularly the legal one, act as a trammel to the��rights and flourishing of many Indigenous people in Canada. This paper explores how the��Canadian justice system is using Gladue to account for the issue; at that, to what degree it is��effective and limited. To explore this problem holistically, this paper begins with unpacking the robust causal nexus that it has become. Research regarding the background of the issue, the role of historical and current trauma and systemic injustice, intergenerational trauma, and policy will be analyzed to contextualize the issue. Next, a series of sentencing judgements from��the Ontario Court of Justice from 2018-2021 will be illustrated as they relate to Gladue. Within��this research area, it has been established by scholars, the government, and proponents of the��justice system alike, that these interrelations between trauma and historical treatment and the��justice system exists. This paper seeks to analyze the strength and limitations of one policy��response to that system.

Full abstract title:��The Scales of Justice: An analysis of the Attempt at Balancing Indigenous Needs Under the Canadian Justice and Exploring the Strengths and Limits of Gladue for Indigenous Offenders in the Ontario Court of Justice from 2018-2021.

Gemma Ricker

Research has found that Ontario families are struggling to make ends meet under the current welfare system, and government funds are being used inefficiently. Basic income is a concept wherein every member of a society is given stipends to guarantee a minimum yearly income. This paper evaluates the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of three different basic income pilot projects. These projects were set in Ontario, Manitoba, and Finland. By analysing the results of each pilot through Karl Widerquist’s cost-benefit framework, I recommend how Ontario should structure a basic income program. The basic income projects improved recipients’ mental and physical health, increased their social capital, and incentivised employment. In order to optimize government spending, basic income in Ontario should be implemented permanently, with more funds available than are currently provided, with 50 cents deduced on each dollar of income from employment. The biggest limitation was that many of the findings were based on self-reports from the recipients.

Rachel Stymiest

This paper explores the functions of elementary schools in Ontario and the impact they have on children and their communities when they close. The research for this paper is analyzed from the perspective of the intersection of holistic education and the learning crisis. Four functions were identified using a thematic analysis: delivery of curriculum, equity advocacy, promotion of social and emotional competencies, and the provision of critical health and safety resources. These are all components of holistic education and seek to promote equity for all children. The study finds that elementary schools in Ontario serve as a lifeline for many children.

Kayne Rivers

Peace theory and Peacebuilding has come to the forefront in recent years. However, theoretically speaking there has been one main mode of thought in the peace study community. This paper was born out of the desire to learn and expose to light different peace theories specifically Agonism. By the end of this paper the goal is that firstly, the reader will be able to poke holes in the current peace theoretical regime thus creating new and vibrant theories. Secondly, coming to an understanding of what Agonist thought means and how it is making a difference in the world of Peace theory.

Julia McCabe

Research shows that the life expectancy of Indigenous Peoples in British Columbia has historically been and continues to be considerably shorter than the general population in British Columbia (Office of the Provincial Health Officer 2018). In addition to this, mortality rates for Indigenous Peoples are significantly higher than the general population in British Columbia (Office of the Provincial Health Officer 2018). While these rates are known, the factors that contribute to these rates have not been explored to provide understanding of what contributes to these disproportionate rates of mortality and life expectancy. In this article, it will be argued that suicide rates, drug abuse, homicide and quality of life issues all contribute to these disproportionate statistics. All of which are interconnected to intergenerational trauma.

Elaina Mohr

This paper explores the role of intentional communal living space in reconciliation processes in post-conflict societies. Northern Ireland is used as the context for a post-conflict society, and Corrymeela, a faith and reconciliation centre in Northern Ireland, is used as a case study. A theoretical framework including three theories from separate fields of research that connect intentional communal living space was created to analyze Corrymeela’s reconciliation processes. The findings show that intentional communal living space creates a strong foundation for reconciliation processes and allows for sustainability of reconciled relationships. The paper concludes that peacebuilding efforts in post-conflict societies should consider physical space to have an important role in reconciliation process and suggests that organizations should include communal living in their reconciliation processes between polarized groups.

Full abstract title:��Living in spaces of reconciliation: An analysis of the role of communal living space in reconciliation processes in post-conflict Northern Ireland

Eve Astolfi

Current police practices suggest a large gap in police education on proper responses to people with mental illnesses (PMI). It is well established that Crisis Intervention Teams (CITs), multidisciplinary units compromised of police officers, health care providers and other community members, are more highly qualified than police alone, to address situations involving PMI. This research aims to provide an analysis of CIT programs, initially through examination of the history and laws surrounding the program; followed by the exploration of the perceptions of non-CIT police in their ability to engage those who have mental illnesses. Critiques of CITs will be presented in comparison to other efforts, such as police-only responses. Ultimately, this work arrives at a suggestion for further implementation of CIT programs, in conjunction with updated training processes for non-CIT police, as the best option for cases involving people with mental illnesses.

Megan Gallagher

Ongoing discussion of prison, and the issues within such institutions, demonstrate significant areas of need surrounding criminal justice and its role in society. Issues regarding how incarcerated individuals are treated and reformed are of particular interest in this Peace and Conflict Studies capstone project. This paper will argue that prison-based restorative justice programs offer solutions to some of the current shortcomings of incarceration, however, also serve to highlight additional areas of need in criminal justice responses. Within this work, a particular focus is taken upon incarcerated women, as this work seeks to develop and promote greater awareness of gender-based discrepancies in how people experience prison, and most notably, the restorative justice programming made available to them. Through an examination of general prison-based restorative justice literature, as well as the Stride, Alternatives to Violence, and Partners in Healing programs, the gendered needs of offenders will be assessed and employed in offering suggestions for future criminal justice action.

Gabrielle McInnis

Conducted in 2015 by former Supreme Court Justice Marie Deschamps, an external review concluded that there was a sexualized culture in the Canadian Armed Forces and that��sexual violence was a prominent and ongoing issue within the organization. In response, Operation Honour was created the following year by Chief of Defence Staff, General Jonathan Vance. This program sought to educate CAF members on sexual violence and reinforce a zero tolerance policy within the military. This research will engage with recent data from the field to highlight key arguments and engage with new sensitivity training materials as a means of exploring the perpetuation of sexual harassment, assault, and sexualization of CAF members. Furthermore, this thesis will critique the limitations of such material, discuss its effectiveness��and conclude on a hopeful note by acknowledging the ever-changing dynamics of military life.

Margaret McCloskey

In conjunction with pre-existing patterns of inequality, it is those that are most vulnerable in the global community that are experiencing the most substantial consequences of climate change and environmental deterioration. Whether it be marginalization from geographic vulnerability, economic inequity, social detachment, or a combination of factors, environmental concerns in these communities have not been adequately addressed by the global system. As a result, many communities susceptible to environmental threat have pursued change through the pathway of grassroots activism. In order to explore the intersection between grassroots activism in vulnerable communities and positive environmental change, this paper assesses current environmental discourse, establishes an understanding of grassroots advocacy, identifies indicators of change in civil society, and analyzes a case study of Indigenous resistance to pipelines in Canada. It is concluded that while measuring the extent to which grassroots movements impact environmental change is difficult, this practice of advocacy still holds significant value in its contribution to the larger community of activism.

Theo Wiederkehr

This paper explores why community supported agriculture (CSA) currently offers only a partial alternative to industrial agriculture.�� With a focus on Ontario, it questions why CSA has not diversified the foods it offers to include staple crops and animal products, and identifies problems which must be addressed for this to happen.�� The current level of inclusion of these foods in Ontario CSAs is also evaluated.�� I conclude that for CSA to offer complete diets for members, there is a need for greater member commitment and support for farmers, particularly when introducing foods which are more complex in terms of agricultural practices, processing, and ethics.

Sage Streight

The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of reintegration issues and efforts in Canada. The paper does this by presenting some of the prominent issues releasees are facing when trying to reintegrate into their communities. The reintegration issues are divided into three categories: personal and interpersonal factors, systemic factors, and perspective factors. These issues are presented to show that reintegration efforts need to span across many different factors in releasees lives, thus illustrating that reintegration is unique to each releasee. Due to this, the paper presents a variety of creative and practical solutions for resolving reintegration issues. Solutions such as temporary absences, discharge planning, and attitude changes. Additionally, other concrete strategies are presented such as co-operatives and criminal record pardons, as well as a case analysis of an already established program in Toronto, The Crossroads Day Reporting Centre. These solutions and program are presented to show that reintegration has many cost and safety benefits to Canadian society. In fact, reintegration is already being worked towards by many organizations and programs, and is a sustainable and holistic solution.

������������ This essay presents that reintegration efforts get at root needs of releasees and provides diverse services to meet all of these needs. An ability to address needs means that issues for releasees are being targeted and holistically resolved. This means that reintegration has the potential to successfully change releasees lives by aiding, teaching, and providing tools to live their best lives in Canadian society. The result of this is that reintegration is cost effective for the Canadian government, reduces recidivism, and makes society safer and function more effectively as less people are draining social services because releasees are equipped through reintegration efforts to contribute to Canada’s work force and economy.

Sarah Cowan

There is no one answer to the question of why sex trafficking occurs in a legalized European prostitution market. After conducting research, five potential intersecting reasons, have been identified which provide an answer as to why demand for illegal services are present in the market when legal services are available. These 5 reasons are as follows: bigger market which increases the overall demand for sex services; the normalization of sex work as a result of legalization; “niche” demands that cannot be legally obtained; competitive prices and willing victims; and low risk – high reward business venture for traffickers. Underlying all five explanations is the role of the buyer to determine the products put forth on the market. So long as there remains gaps in the market, traffickers will continue to supply the services of trafficked victims to meet the needs of the consumer.��

Devina Lookman��

This paper explores the ways in which the notion of identity maintenance for the Adult Third��Culture Kid is supported by the programs offered within the Canadian context. This study will focus on how these support programs validate, support, and integrate the Adult Third Culture Kid into Canadian society in a meaningful way through a screening framework. The findings of this research categorizes the data into three roles of support: civil society, state, and private sectors. The researchable data presents different offerings of support that vary in the form of its programming, stretching across 5 provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Not only do the research findings address existing needs for the Adult Third Culture Kid currently facing repatriation challenges in Canada, but it also suggests the direction of future research to better inform the accessibility and content of programming, and overall shaping of the Canadian national identity.

Stefan Hogg

This paper will examine how shortcomings in enforcement of both state and federal legislation governing the sale of firearms plays a significant contributing role in the high rate of gun violence in the United States of America. I will do this by examining the existing literature documenting the rates at which illicit transactions are taking place at federally licensed firearms retailers. Contemporary studies have found that 57% of all crime guns in the U.S. can be traced to only 1% of the 55,000+ federally licensed firearms dealers, highlighting an enormous channel through which firearms are being trafficked to criminals. Furthermore, insufficient law enforcement response to illegal firearms transactions (within licensed stores and within the private domain) is a major enabling factor in the continual trafficking of these dangerous weapons. Through this process, this paper will document how firearms make their way from legitimate sources into the “wrong hands”, i.e. people legally prohibited from buying or owning firearms. I will end by suggesting prospective solutions that are rooted in robust statistical evidence supporting their potential for reducing firearm-related violent crime and homicide.��

Charity Nonkes

Guatemala faces some of the highest rates of malnutrition, inequality, and poverty in the world – especially in rural populations. These populations are exploited by industrial agriculture using structural and direct violence. This has created a great need amongst small-scale farmers and their communities for food sovereignty and sustainable farming systems. Agroecology was implemented in Guatemala as a response to these issues. This critical analysis of how agroecology was implemented and its main challenges determined that agroecology was an alternative to industrial agriculture and was a tool for food sovereignty, but certain challenges made it difficult to implement: conditions that industrial agriculture and the armed conflict created; issues in the market and with state-support; access to land; aid organizations; and generational changes. There are numerous changes that need to occur on political, cultural, social, legal, environmental, and global levels in order for there to be widespread food sovereignty and agroecology in Guatemala. Viewing agroecology as a tool for food sovereignty is important because it can set realistic expectations for organizations and farmers, so they able to work towards food sovereignty. Agroecology is not just a tool for food sovereignty in Guatemala, but it is also an example of how communities throughout the world can transition to more environmentally and socially just agriculture methods.

Dena Badawi

Lebanon is host to over 1 million Syrian refugees (UNHCR 2017a).�� Geographically and resource limited, Lebanon has experienced challenges with addressing the needs of Syrian refugees (Government of Lebanon & United Nations 2017).�� Due to the recency of this issue and the rapid nature in which refugee support responses change, there has been little scholarly work published on the refugee support system in Lebanon.�� This research works to fill this gap.�� Collaborative interviews were conducted with six Syrian refugee families. Additionally, three semi-structured interviews with community support workers and two focus groups were conducted as part of a larger research project, a subset of which was analyzed for this capstone paper.�� Interviews were read and coded line-by-line to develop themes.�� Research findings identified strengths and gaps in the refugee support system in Lebanon.�� Understanding the experiences of Syrian families is important in informing the development and improvement of support services.

Samantha Damaren

This research paper explores collective understandings of the Sun Dance and their implications for the process of reconciliation between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous across Canada.�� Through the study of the Sun Dance it is shown that understanding Indigenous Ritual is key when addressing conflict transformation between these two communities. Memoirs, previous case studies in which communities were able to use dance to reconcile, and Indigenous knowledge are examined in the paper to identify a way to bridge the gap from previous policy to future intentions.�� The first step that is proposed is to understand cultural ceremonies within Indigenous communities, focusing specifically on the Sun Dance.

Anna Giesbrecht

This paper looks into why resiliency is important and how it can be fostered. Using a social ecology framework, it examines concepts of risk and protective factors in relation to youth. The framework of analysis was applied to youth-focused programs in Toronto, Canada. The research explored what type of risk youth encounter, and examined a set of organizations and programs that are available to help youth develop positive character despite these risks in the greater Toronto area. The research found a variety of approaches to working with youth, and while some only primarily addressed individual development, the majority also addressed areas of family, community, and culture, which was found to be in-line with the social ecology approach. Increasingly literature shows that a holistic approach is more effective, and many organizations are applying this perspective.

Erin Huston

The purpose of this research paper is to examine how characters that are deemed to be ‘fat’ are represented in animated Disney films released between 2012 and 2017 based on three case studies.�� The films used as case studies consist of Frozen (2013), Inside Out (2015) and Zootopia (2016).�� Using qualitative analyses of one character in each film, the research explores whether the current representations of fat characters are potentially harmful to viewers, with the danger being the possibility of internalizing negative stereotypes of overweight populations that could result in stigmatization and discrimination of those populations.�� The research concludes that based on the three case studies, improvements are being made towards dismantling tropes that stigmatize all fat characters, when compared with earlier research findings. However, it is concluded that more can be done to effectively limit the stigmatizing nature of media depictions of overweight characters.

Amanda Obeng-Nsiah

Grassroots organizations that advocate for change during civil wars have seen a shift, with women assuming leadership positions at the forefront of the movement. Women are now seen as key for peace efforts. However, there are also challenges to women’s-led social movements becoming sustained parts of peace efforts.�� This project analyzed the Women in Peacebuilding Network branch of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding of Liberia, and the Women’s Forum in Sierra Leone, which birthed Sierra Leone Women’s Movement for Peace. It identifies what women’s peace movements in West Africa did in order to be successful and their efforts validated for the advancement of peace. It also explores what contributed to the non-success of other movements. It concludes by noting the importance of recommendations for long-term success to strengthen short-term efforts.

Michelle Poon

In Canadian history, photojournalism has been used as visual documentary, representing the relationships between Indigenous Peoples and settlers.�� This conversation is of significance to Peace and Conflict Studies because it contributes to larger social justice issues relating to the hegemonic discourse of colonization within Canadian archives.�� This paper questions the accuracy of photography as a form of documentation and critiques the impact that images have on the public sphere.�� The paper uses a three-step image analysis framework from the book Visual Methodologies by Gillian Rose, to evaluate the history of photojournalism.�� It examines two specific photographs of the current Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau, using the three-step image analysis framework to illustrate contemporary interactions related to the impact, content and production process of photographs. The paper identifies positive and negative implications of using photojournalism as a form of peacebuilding.

Kayleigh Swanson

The world is now witnessing the highest levels of global displacement on record (UNHCR 2017).�� As the global refugee population has risen, the Canadian response to refugees has varied – some groups have been received generously while others have been treated harshly or refused.�� In some cases, where the Canadian government has had to respond simultaneously to different refugee groups, its response to each group has varied.�� Syria and South Sudan are currently experiencing ongoing, violent civil conflict that has resulted in significant displacement in both countries, but the Canadian government and civil society have responded differently to each crisis.�� Canada’s response to refugees from Syria and South Sudan can be explained by several economic, political, and social factors, which reveal that despite a narrative of inclusivity and racial non-bias, there are in fact determining factors of refugee receptivity among Canadians that lead to inconsistencies in our response to various groups of refugees.

Zahra Ahmed

It is apparent that racism within Canada exists, and that it affects many minority groups’ daily lives. According to the Ontario Human Rights Commission when looking through the Ontario Rights Code under the grounds of discrimination “Race” is prohibited.�� That being said, there is no clear definition of racial discrimination, which makes it much easier to occur and go unnoticed because it is not understood.�� This paper explores the issue of negative stereotypes and racial discrimination related to the media coverage of deaths of individuals shot by police officers.�� Research was completed on six Torontonian men killed by police officers within the last ten years and the media’s coverage of the incidents.�� This research paper asks the questions: does the media portray Black and White victims killed by the police officers in the Greater Toronto Area in similar ways?

Reid Kennel

Prisoners exist in a unique environment of extremely limited rights and freedoms, and conditions within prisons are often oppressive in ways those outside its wall cannot understand.�� This leaves the prisoner as the one with the best understanding of what should be changed. This research project looks at nonviolent resistance as a method for those within the prison system to fight for change. By examining a series of hunger strikes that took place in California in 2013 and a nation-wide prison labour strike in 2016 and applying an advocacy effectiveness measurement tool, the following study suggests that nonviolent resistance offers the possibility of enacting large-scale policy change within the prison system. In light of the two aforementioned case studies, this thesis concludes that these efforts require creative methods of communication to be successful, and significant media engagement to influence public discourse.

Ashley Lamoureux

This paper examines the webpages of two restorative justice programs that work with survivor victims and people who have offended sexually: Revive in Kitchener, Ontario and Project Restore in Aukland, New Zealand. Restorative justice programs typically do not address cases of sexual assault due to the sensitive and particular nature of sexual misdemeanor and felony crimes.�� The programs that do exist, such as Revive and Project Restore must therefore address certain needs and concerns that survivor victims, people who have offended sexually, and the general public may have.�� With the Internet being a frequently utilized source of information in the present day, this paper examines the webpages of Revive and Project Restore to see how those webpages address the particular needs and concerns that arise in cases of sexual assault.

Katherine MacGregor

This research paper looks at the video news coverage of the Columbine High School Massacre (1999), the Virginia Tech. Massacre (2007), and the Sandy Hook Elementary Shooting (2012). The archives used were of five well-known American news media sources (ABC, FOX, NBC, CBS, and CNN). The goal of this report is to show that what news media corporations decide to show to their audience effects how people will remember and perceive the event and the assailants involved. Through dissecting various news broadcasts, this research highlights how easy it is for misinformation to be remembered.

Frederica Otchere

The objective of this paper is to analyze the depictions of African Canadians residing in Toronto in print media and, to a lesser extent, explore the effects of those depictions.�� Themes that are examined include the link between poverty, crime and media representation. Articles from The Toronto Star and The Sun newspapers are analyzed focusing on the depiction of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in 2016. ��The research assessed the tone of the writing, the issues addressed, and the columnists’ profiles.

Irosha Perera

Canada has had a reputation for being secure. Canadians were admirable for their great quality of life without having to feel any trepidation or fear due to political instability or terror. The terrorist attacks on the twin towers in New York City on September 11^th, however, changed this feeling of security.�� This paper explores Islamophobia and the effects of 9/11 primarily on Toronto, but also draws on additional research from Ontario.�� It includes issues such as representation in municipal government, education, unemployment, acts of discrimination, airport security and perceptions.�� The paper concludes with a discussion of the importance of eliminating stigma.

Anneke Pries-Klassen

This paper investigates women’s experiences of sexism in the civil rights movement through a comparison of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee. A mix of primary and secondary sources were used, and modern concepts were applied to these organizations and the broader civil rights movement to determine the extent to which the organizations’ founders and institutional structures affected women’s experiences and roles. Women’s involvement in the movement has often been overlooked but this paper highlights the critical influence these women played on the formation of second wave feminism and intersectionality post-civil rights movement.