@book {36540, title = {Titans of Industrial Agriculture: How a Few Giant Corporations Came to Dominate the Farm Sector and Why it Matters }, year = {2025}, pages = {440}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262551700/titans-of-industrial-agriculture/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {36536, title = {Countering corporate and financial concentration in the global food system}, booktitle = {Regenerative Farming and Sustainable Diets }, year = {2024}, pages = {187-193}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Regenerative-Farming-and-Sustainable-Diets-Human-Animal-and-Planetary-Health/DSilva-McKenna/p/book/9781032684321}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {36537, title = {The Global Food Crisis in the Age of Catastrophe}, booktitle = {Seeds of Sovereignty: Contesting the Politics of Food}, year = {2024}, publisher = {Rosa Luxemburg Siftung}, organization = {Rosa Luxemburg Siftung}, url = {https://www.rosalux.de/en/seeds-of-sovereignty}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {36539, title = {Financialisation and Sustainable Diets}, booktitle = {Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Diets}, year = {2023}, pages = {442-453}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Sustainable-Diets/Kevany-Prosperi/p/book/9781032004860}, author = {Phoebe Stephens and Jennifer Clapp and S. Ryan Isakson} } @inbook {36538, title = {The Financialization of Agricultural Commodities: Implications for Food Security}, booktitle = {Handbook of Food Security and Society}, year = {2023}, pages = {200-212}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, organization = {Edward Elgar}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-food-security-and-society-9781800378438.html}, author = {S. Ryan Isakson and Jennifer Clapp and Phoebe Stephens} } @article {31771, title = {\“Concentration and Crises: Exploring the Deep Roots of Vulnerability in the Global Industrial Food System.\”}, journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies}, volume = {50}, year = {2023}, pages = {1-25}, abstract = {The world has experienced three global food crises in the past 50 years. While unique triggers sparked each of these crises, they all exposed extreme concentration within the global industrial food system at multiple scales {\textendash} at the field, country, and global market levels. This multi-level concentration heightens vulnerability to worldwide food crises that have profound consequences for the world{\textquoteright}s most marginalized populations. With a focus on staple grains production and trade, this contribution traces the origins of the high degrees of multi-level concentration in the industrial food system and draws insights for debates on the current food systems transformation agenda.}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2022.2129013}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31774, title = {Nature Food}, journal = {The I-TrACE principles for legitimate food systems science{\textendash}policy{\textendash}society interfaces}, year = {2023}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00686-6}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Bernard Lehmann and William Moseley and Hilal Elver and Patrick Webb} } @article {34111, title = {Private finance for food system climate adaptation: opportunity or contradiction?}, journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {61}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Financialized food systems and climate change adaptation intersect in important ways. Financial actors have increasingly invested in commodity futures and commodity index products to capitalize on more volatile food prices that result from climate-induced changes in both supply and demand for crops. Growing financial investment in farmland has brought new lands into cultivation in the face of yield declines and to produce biofuel\ \ to cut fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, financial\ derivative products such as weather-based insurance are marketed to farmers to insulate them from the\ . Proponents maintain that financial responses along these lines can smooth adjustments to a changing climate. But, as we argue, these measures can also reinforce industrial models of agricultural production and exacerbate social inequities, which can deepen the dynamics that contribute to climate change and exacerbate climate vulnerability.}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343523000209} } @article {36535, title = {Surging Biojustice Environmentalism from Below: Hope for Ending the Earth System Emergency?}, journal = {Global Environmental Politics}, volume = {23}, year = {2023}, pages = {1-13}, abstract = {Global environmental politics is at a critical juncture as the Earth System emergency deepens. The core environmental policies and actions of governments, intergovernmental organizations, corporations, and, to a lesser extent, mainstream nongovernmental organizations are visibly failing to deescalate this emergency. In response to these failures, we argue, dispossessed individuals, Indigenous peoples, grassroots activists, and civil society campaigners are joining forces to challenge market-liberal and institutionalist thinking and initiate new ways of organizing political and social life that prioritize biological integrity and social justice: what we describe as {\textquotedblleft}biojustice environmentalism from below.{\textquotedblright} Global environmental governance, meanwhile, is at a crossroads, becoming increasingly polycentric as biojustice environmentalism surges and as corporations seek to capture governance spaces through multistakeholder initiatives. How surging biojustice environmentalism in a polycentric governance landscape plays out in the coming years, we conclude, will be crucial for humanity{\textquoteright}s ability to stem the escalating global environmental crisis.}, url = {https://direct.mit.edu/glep/article/23/4/3/115871/Surging-Biojustice-Environmentalism-from-Below}, author = {Peter Dauvergne and Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31777, title = {Food Policy}, journal = {Viewpoint: The case for a six-dimensional food security framework}, year = {2022}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85118338456\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Moseley, W.G. and Burlingame, B. and Termine, P.} } @article {31775, title = {Journal of Peasant Studies}, journal = {Concentration and crises: exploring the deep roots of vulnerability in the global industrial food system}, year = {2022}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85139471973\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31772, title = {\“The Case for a Six-Dimensional Food Security Framework\”}, journal = {Food Policy}, volume = {106}, year = {2022}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {The definition of food security has evolved and changed over the past 50\ years, including the introduction of the four commonly cited pillars of food security: availability, access, utilization, and stability, which have been important in shaping policy. In this article, we make the case that it is time for a formal update to our definition of food security to include two additional dimensions proposed by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition: agency and sustainability. We show that the impact of widening food system and growing awareness of the intricate connections between ecological systems and food systems highlight the importance of these additional dimensions to the concept. We further outline the ways in which international policy guidance on the right to food already implies both agency and sustainability alongside the more established four pillars, making it a logical next step to adopt a six dimensional framework for food security in both policy and scholarly settings. We also show that advances have already been made with respect to providing measurements of agency and sustainability as they relate to food insecurity.}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001445}, author = {Clapp, Jennifer and Moseley, William and Burlingame, Barbara and Termine, Paola} } @article {31776, title = {Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Second Edition}, journal = {Food and agriculture: Global dynamics and environmental consequences}, year = {2022}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85140564936\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Martin, S.J.} } @report {29466, title = {An \&$\#$39;IPCC for Food\&$\#$39;? How the UN Food Systems Summit is being used to advance a problematic new science-policy agenda}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This brief demonstrates that:

{\textbullet} The calls for a new {\textquoteright}IPCC for Food{\textquoteright} originated from a small group of actors whose views
have been amplified by a powerful network of organizations, many of which are closely
aligned with business and industry. These groups are using the UN Food Systems
Summit to promote their {\textquoteright}game-changing{\textquoteright} proposal.
{\textbullet} Many of the functions of the proposed science-policy interface for food systems are
already fulfilled by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition in its
role vis-{\`a}-vis the UN Committee on World Food Security.
{\textbullet} Several of the roles envisaged for an {\textquoteright}IPCC for Food{\textquoteright} {\textendash} such as conducting new research
with the goal of resolving controversies {\textendash} could actually undermine a serious and fair
consideration of complex issues that must be seen from multiple perspectives.
{\textbullet} Unlike the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, plans for a new
science-policy interface do not appear to involve broad stakeholder consultation and
incorporation of different forms of knowledge {\textendash} elements that should be a fundamental
part of good food systems science and are important for legitimacy.
{\textbullet} It is unclear to which intergovernmental body the new panel would provide policy
advice. This raises important questions about the underlying political ambition of this
proposal and its implications for food systems governance.
{\textbullet} The Scientific Group of the UN Food Systems Summit, which serves as an {\textquoteright}early
experiment{\textquoteright} for the new science-policy interface, falls short in several respects: it is non-
transparent; is imbalanced in its composition and biased in its perspectives and sources
of knowledge; is unreflexive about the relationships between food systems and society;
and is pursuing a business-oriented {\textquoteright}technology and innovation{\textquoteright} agenda.}, url = {http://www.ipes-food.org/_img/upload/files/GovBrief.pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Molly Anderson and Maryam Rahmanian and Sofia Monsalve Suarez} } @article {31782, title = {Antitrust Bulletin}, journal = {Price Effects of Common Ownership in the Seed Sector}, year = {2021}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85099751479\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Torshizi, M. and Clapp, J.} } @article {31778, title = {Conservation Letters}, journal = {Enabling transformative economic change in the post-2020 biodiversity agenda}, year = {2021}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85105583334\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Turnhout, E. and McElwee, P. and Chiroleu-Assouline, M. and Clapp, J. and Isenhour, C. and Kelemen, E. and Jackson, T. and Miller, D.C. and Rusch, G.M. and Spangenberg, J.H. and Waldron, A.} } @article {31783, title = {Development (Basingstoke)}, journal = {The Food Systems Summit{\textquoteright}s Failure to Address Corporate Power}, year = {2021}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85116769685\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Noyes, I. and Grant, Z.} } @article {29467, title = {Explaining growing glyphosate use: The political economy of herbicide-dependent agriculture}, journal = {Global Environmental Change}, volume = {67}, year = {2021}, pages = {102239}, abstract = {The growing use of chemical herbicides for weed control has become a dominant feature of modern industrial agriculture and a major environmental and health concern in agricultural systems worldwide. This paper seeks to explain how and why glyphosate-based agricultural herbicides have become so entrenched in modern agriculture. It shows that a complex interplay among technological, market, and regulatory developments have encouraged a lock-in of glyphosate linked technologies in agricultural systems. These are: (1) the repurposing of glyphosate for use with genetically modified crops; (2) the rise of the generic glyphosate market, which globalized the chemical{\textquoteright}s use and encouraged new agricultural uses; (3) new technologies such as digital agriculture and genome editing that interface with glyphosate use; and (4) growing corporate market power and declining public investment in agricultural research programs that constrained innovation in non-herbicide weed control technologies.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102239}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31773, title = {The Food System Summit\’s Failure to Address Corporate Power}, journal = {Development}, volume = {64}, year = {2021}, pages = {192-198}, abstract = {Based on analysis of documentation associated with the UN Food Systems Summit process, we identify three main ways in which the Summit failed to address the problem of corporate power in food systems in a meaningful way. First, the Summit was {\textquoteleft}strategically silent{\textquoteright} on the problem of corporate power, mentioning the problem only very infrequently and in a way that failed to identify corporations as holding disproportionate power in food systems. Second, it advanced technology and innovation-based solutions that benefit large agrifood companies rather than seeking structural transformation of food systems. Third, it gave corporations a priority seat at the table by engaging them in various settings in the lead up to the Summit.}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41301-021-00303-2}, author = {Clapp, Jennifer and Noyes, Indra and Grant, Zachary} } @article {31779, title = {Global Environmental Change}, journal = {Explaining Growing Glyphosate Use: The Political Economy of Herbicide-Dependent Agriculture}, year = {2021}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85101393963\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31781, title = {Global Governance Futures}, journal = {Food: Governance challenges for a hot and hungry planet}, year = {2021}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85119231868\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31780, title = {Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies}, journal = {Financialization}, year = {2021}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85129641778\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Ryan Isakson, S.} } @article {31784, title = {Nature Food}, journal = {The problem with growing corporate concentration and power in the global food system}, year = {2021}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85107275432\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {29468, title = {Price Effects of Common Ownership in the Seed Sector}, journal = {The Antitrust Bulletin}, volume = {66}, year = {2021}, pages = {39-67}, abstract = {We investigate the effects of common ownership on firms{\textquoteright} incentives to compete. Using a theoretical model, we illustrate how common ownership changes the nature of competition among firms in the same sector. Our empirical analysis examines these dynamics in the U.S. seed industry and shows that the rise of common ownership concentration is a significant contributor to increase in soy, corn, and cotton seed prices over the 1997{\textendash}2017 period. These findings contribute to the current literature regarding the anticompetitive effects of common ownership and confirm the result of studies performed in other sectors, such as airlines.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0003603X20985783}, author = {Mohammad Torshizi and Jennifer Clapp} } @article {29465, title = {The problem with growing corporate concentration and power in the global food system}, journal = {Nature Food}, volume = {2}, year = {2021}, pages = {404-408}, abstract = {What are the potential consequences when a relatively small number of large firms come to dominate markets within the global food system? This Perspective examines the implications of corporate concentration and power in the global seed and agrochemical industry, a sector that has become more consolidated in recent years. It outlines the pathways via which concentrated firms in this sector have the potential to exert power in food systems more broadly{\textemdash}both directly and indirectly{\textemdash}in ways that matter for food system outcomes. Specifically, concentrated firms can shape markets, shape technology and innovation agendas, and shape policy and governance frameworks. This Perspective makes the case that a range of measures are needed to ensure that corporate concentration and power do not undermine key goals for food systems, such as equitable livelihoods, sustainability and broad-based participation in food system governance. These include measures to strengthen competition policies, to bolster public sector support for diverse food systems, and to curb corporate influence in the policy process.}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00297-7}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {29470, title = {Contextualizing corporate control in the agrifood and extractive sectors}, journal = {Globalizations}, volume = {17}, year = {2020}, pages = {1265-1275}, abstract = {Corporations have gained enormous power and influence in recent decades as mergers and acquisitions in just about every sector of the global economy have given rise to mega-sized companies that influence almost every aspect of our lives. In this contribution, we examine the rise of corporate concentration and control in two key sectors {\textendash} agriculture and extractives {\textendash} where in recent years consolidation has accelerated due to a combination of technological change, weakening state regulation and financial pressures, leaving these sectors largely controlled by just a handful of giant players. Corporate concentration and control in these sectors has important consequences, contributing to heightened inequality, environmental harm, and human rights violations. This paper reflects on the strategies of civil society and social movements in contesting extreme consolidation and corporate power. It calls for a multiscale approach that restores the regulatory powers of states and reestablishes people{\textquoteright}s sovereignty on a broader scale.}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1783814}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Joseph Purugganan} } @article {31786, title = {Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance}, journal = {Corporate social responsibility}, year = {2020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85105967701\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Rowlands, I.H.} } @article {31791, title = {Finance or Food?: The Role of Cultures, Values, and Ethics in Land Use Negotiations}, journal = {Responsibility to the rescue? Governing private financial investment in global agriculture}, year = {2020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85088683504\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {29472, title = {Food}, year = {2020}, pages = {272}, publisher = {Polity Press}, organization = {Polity Press}, edition = {3}, abstract = {

We all need food to survive, and forty percent of the world{\textquoteright}s population relies on agriculture for their livelihood. Yet control over food is concentrated in relatively few hands. Turmoil in the world food economy in recent decades has highlighted a number of vulnerabilities and contradictions inherent in the way we currently organize this vital sector. Extremes of both undernourishment and overnourishment affect a significant proportion of humanity. And attempts to increase production through the spread of an industrial model of agriculture has resulted in serious ecological consequences.

The fully revised and expanded third edition of this popular book explores how the rise of industrial agriculture, corporate control, inequitable agricultural trade rules, and the financialization of food have each enabled powerful actors to gain fundamental influence over the practices that dominate the world food economy and result in uneven consequences for both people and planet. A variety of movements have emerged that are making important progress in establishing alternative food systems, but, as Clapp{\textquoteright}s penetrating analysis ably shows, significant challenges remain.

}, url = {https://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509541768\&subject_id=2}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @report {29460, title = {Food Security and Nutrition: Building a Global Narrative Towards 2030}, year = {2020}, note = {HLPE Joint Steering Committee / Secretariat drafting team:
Team Leader: Jennifer Clapp (Steering Committee)
Team members: Barbara Burlingame (Steering Committee),
William Moseley (Steering Committee), Paola Termine (Secretariat}, institution = {High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition}, edition = {15}, issn = {15}, author = {HLPE} } @article {31790, title = {Global Environmental Politics}, journal = {Precision technologies for agriculture: Digital farming, gene-edited crops, and the politics of sustainability}, year = {2020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85087781701\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Ruder, S.-L.} } @article {31785, title = {Globalizations}, journal = {Contextualizing corporate control in the agrifood and extractive sectors}, year = {2020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85087741824\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Purugganan, J.} } @article {31792, title = {Journal of Peasant Studies}, journal = {This food crisis is different: COVID-19 and the fragility of the neoliberal food security order}, year = {2020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85092393466\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Moseley, W.G.} } @article {31787, title = {One Earth}, journal = {Ensuring a Post-COVID Economic Agenda Tackles Global Biodiversity Loss}, year = {2020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85097235505\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {McElwee, P. and Turnout, E. and Chiroleu-Assouline, M. and Clapp, J. and Isenhour, C. and Jackson, T. and Kelemen, E. and Miller, D.C. and Rusch, G. and Spangenberg, J.H. and Waldron, A. and Baumgartner, R.J. and Bleys, B. and Howard, M.W. and Mungatana, E. and Ngo, H. and Ring, I. and Santos, R.} } @article {29471, title = {Precision technologies for agriculture: digital farming, gene-edited crops, and the politics of sustainability}, journal = {Global Environmental Politics}, volume = {20}, year = {2020}, pages = {49-69}, abstract = {This article analyzes the rise of precision technologies for agriculture{\textemdash}specifically digital farming and plant genome editing{\textemdash}and their implications for the politics of environmental sustainability in the agrifood sector. We map out opposing views in the emerging debate over the environmental aspects of these technologies: while proponents see them as vital tools for environmental sustainability, critics view them as antithetical to their own agroecological vision of sustainable agriculture. We argue that key insights from the broader literature on the social effects of technological change{\textemdash}in particular, technological lock-in, the double-edged nature of technology, and uneven power relations{\textemdash}help to explain the political dynamics of this debate. Our analysis highlights the divergent perspectives regarding how these technologies interact with environmental problems, as well as the risks and opportunities they present. Yet, as we argue in the article, developments so far suggest that these dynamics are not always straightforward in practice.}, url = { https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00566}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sarah Louise Ruder} } @article {31789, title = {Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Regenerative Food Systems}, journal = {Financing food system regeneration? The potential of social finance in the agrifood sector}, year = {2020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85104673638\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Stephens, P. and Clapp, J.} } @article {31788, title = {SSRN}, journal = {Ensuring a Post-COVID Economic Agenda Tackles Global Biodiversity Loss}, year = {2020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85110177435\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {McElwee, P. and Turnout, E. and Chiroleu-Assouline, M. and Clapp, J. and Isenhour, C. and Jackson, T. and Kelemen, E. and Miller, D.C. and Rusch, G. and Spangenberg, J.H. and Waldron, A. and Baumgartner, R.J. and Bleys, B. and Howard, M. and Mungatana, E. and Ring, I. and Santos, R.F.D. and Ngo, H.} } @article {29469, title = {This food crisis is different: COVID-19 and the fragility of the neoliberal food security order}, journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies}, volume = {47}, year = {2020}, pages = {1393{\textendash}1417}, abstract = {Our analysis situates the current COVID-19 induced food crisis within a longer-term historical perspective on policy responses to past food crises. We argue that the legacies left by these past policies created vulnerabilities in the face of the present crisis, which is characterized by three interlocking dynamics: disruptions to global food supply chains, the loss of income and livelihoods due to the global economic recession, and uneven food price trends unleashed by a set of complex factors. We make the case that the COVID-19 pandemic marks an inflection point and demands a different set of policy responses that work toward fundamentally transforming food systems.}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2020.1823838}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and William Moseley} } @inbook {16638, title = {Financializing Nature}, booktitle = {Handbook on Global Sustainability Governance}, year = {2019}, pages = { (In press)}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, abstract = {This chapter examines the implications of financialisation for environmental sustainability. It shows that while financial investment has long resulted in economic changes that affect nature, this relationship has seen important changes in recent decades as the process of financialisation has unfolded. In particular, we show that financialisation has encouraged the rise of new kinds of financial instruments that are tied to natural resources and environmental change. These new financial instruments have relied on an abstraction of nature from its material form, and have transformed elements of the natural world into purely financial assets. These kinds of new financial tools are often based on indexes or pooled funds that track the performance of real things such as natural resources, land, carbon, or the weather. For investors, these instruments are purely financial vehicles. But the fact that nature ultimately forms the underlying base for this financial investment means that this financial activity can, and often does, have real world consequences. These effects, however, are often distanced from their financial origins, and are not always accounted for in sustainability policy and governance.}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Phoebe Stephens}, editor = {Agni Kalfagianni and Doris Fuchs and Anders Hayden} } @article {31793, title = {Global Environmental Change}, journal = {Criteria for effective zero-deforestation commitments}, year = {2019}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85058526485\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Garrett, R.D. and Levy, S. and Carlson, K.M. and Gardner, T.A. and Godar, J. and Clapp, J. and Dauvergne, P. and Heilmayr, R. and le Polain de Waroux, Y. and Ayre, B. and Barr, R. and D{\o}vre, B. and Gibbs, H.K. and Hall, S. and Lake, S. and Milder, J.C. and Rausch, L.L. and Rivero, R. and Rueda, X. and Sarsfield, R. and Soares-Filho, B. and Villoria, N.} } @article {31794, title = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling}, journal = {Material and visceral engagements with household food waste: Towards opportunities for policy interventions}, year = {2019}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85070352660\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Urrutia, I. and Dias, G.M. and Clapp, J.} } @article {31795, title = {Review of International Political Economy}, journal = {The rise of financial investment and common ownership in global agrifood firms}, year = {2019}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85068239012\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {16635, title = {The Rise of Financial Investment and Common Ownership in Agrifood Firms}, journal = {Review of International Political Economy}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Financial investment in the food and agriculture sector has grown in recent decades, including investment in equity-related funds that invest in or track the performance of a range of publicly traded transnational agrifood companies. At their height in recent years, equity-related investment funds accounted for around one third of financial investment in the sector. Despite their significance, investment in the agrifood sector via these types of investment funds has received much less academic and policy attention than other types of financial investment, such as farmland acquisition and commodity speculation. This paper examines the rise of equity-related investment in the agricultural sector and analyzes its implications for the food system. It provides an overview and analysis of the available data on these investment vehicles, including their holdings (i.e. the companies in which they invest) and ownership (i.e. the investors who own shares in those companies). This data shows a rise in common ownership of large agrifood firms by large asset management companies. The paper makes the case that this new pattern of investment in agrifood firms by large asset management firms has the potential to contribute to the already concentrated market power in the agrifood system.}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09692290.2019.1597755}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31799, title = {Development and Change}, journal = {Risky Returns: The Implications of Financialization in the Food System}, year = {2018}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85043315955\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Isakson, S.R.} } @inbook {16639, title = {Environmental Political Economy}, booktitle = {Companion to Environmental Studies}, year = {2018}, pages = {430-435}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, abstract = {Companion to Environmental Studies presents a comprehensive and interdisciplinary overview of the key issues, debates, concepts, approaches and questions that together define environmental studies today. The intellectually wide-ranging volume covers approaches in environmental science all the way through to humanistic and post-natural perspectives on the biophysical world.}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Companion-to-Environmental-Studies-1st-Edition/Castree-Hulme-Proctor/p/book/9781138192201}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Noel Castree} } @inbook {16640, title = {Food and Hunger}, booktitle = {International Organization and Global Governance}, year = {2018}, pages = {707-718}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, edition = {2nd edition}, address = {London}, abstract = {International Organization and Global Governance is a self-contained resource enabling readers to comprehend more fully the role of myriad actors in the governance of global life as well as to assemble the many pieces of the contemporary global governance puzzle.}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/International-Organization-and-Global-Governance-2nd-Edition/Weiss-Wilkinson/p/book/9781138236585}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson} } @article {31800, title = {Global Environmental Politics}, journal = {The global environmental politics of food}, year = {2018}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047152321\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Scott, C.} } @article {31797, title = {Global Environmental Politics}, journal = {Mega-mergers on the menu: Corporate concentration and the politics of sustainability in the global food system}, year = {2018}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047120506\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {16636, title = {The Global Environmental Politics of Food}, journal = {Global Environmental Politics}, volume = {18}, year = {2018}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {This special issue seeks to expand our understanding of the complex interlinkages between the politics and governance of the global environment, on one hand, and the global food system on the other. The articles in this issue explore insights that the field of global environmental politics can bring to questions of food system sustainability, while at the same time considering what the relationship between food systems and the environment reveals about the nature of global environmental politics. The authors examine how issues at the intersection of environment and food are framed in international political settings; the articles explore the political and economic dynamics surrounding different actors{\textemdash}including states, corporations, civil society organizations, and marginalized populations{\textemdash}in shaping debates around how best to govern these issues.}, url = {https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/glep_a_00464}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Caitlin Scott} } @article {8708, title = {The Global Political Economy of Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Systems}, journal = {Journal of Peasant Studies}, volume = {45}, year = {2018}, pages = {80-88}, abstract = {The food and agriculture sector is both a major contributor to climate change and especially vulnerable to its worst impacts. This means that much is at stake in what is a complex set of contested political dynamics as new governance agendas are rolled out. On one hand, there is a strong push for {\textquoteleft}climate-smart agriculture{\textquoteright} (CSA) and related initiatives in the area of marine resources such as the idea of the blue economy, as an attempt to bring a range of viewpoints together to address the interrelationship between these ecological and economic systems. On the other hand, critics see these strategies as promotion of more of the same kinds of policies that created stress in the climate{\textendash}food system in the first place. To unpack these issues, this special forum brings together a collection of papers that highlight three overlapping themes that lie at the centre of these debates, yet which have not been fully acknowledged by those implementing CSA initiatives: the role of power and interests in shaping governance approaches to climate and food systems; the ways in which existing approaches, primarily those promoting open markets and technology, are reinforced in governance initiatives; and the sidelining of questions of inequality.}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2017.1381602}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Newell and Zoe W. Brent} } @article {31796, title = {INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE, Second Edition}, journal = {Food and hunger}, year = {2018}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85139695783\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31801, title = {Journal of Peasant Studies}, journal = {The global political economy of climate change, agriculture and food systems}, year = {2018}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85032793209\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Newell, P. and Brent, Z.W.} } @article {16637, title = {Mega Mergers on the Menu: Corporate Concentration and the Politics of Sustainability in the Global Food System}, journal = {Global Environmental Politics}, volume = {18}, year = {2018}, pages = {12-33}, abstract = {

The agricultural input industry has become more concentrated in the wake of recently announced corporate mergers in the sector. This article examines the environmental implications of corporate concentration in the agricultural input sector and outlines the challenges of establishing effective international policy and governance on this issue. The article makes two arguments. First, corporate concentration matters for food system sustainability. Consolidation in the global seed and agro-chemical industries has been deeply entwined with the rise of industrial agriculture, which has been associated with a host of environmental problems including an increase in agro-chemical use and the loss of agricultural biodiversity. Second, although corporate concentration has important sustainability implications, there is little recognition of the potential connection between these issues in international governance measures. The article outlines a number of factors that discourage the development of policy and governance on these issues, including the lack of a clear scientific consensus on how best to promote sustainable agriculture; the weak and fragmented nature of regulatory frameworks and institutions that oversee competition policy and food system sustainability; the power of agribusiness firms to influence policy outcomes; and the complex and distanced nature of the underlying drivers of corporate concentration in the sector.

}, url = {https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/glep_a_00454}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31798, title = {A Research Agenda for Global Environmental Politics}, journal = {Researching the global environmental politics of food}, year = {2018}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85075690941\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Stephens, P.} } @inbook {16641, title = {Researching the Global Environmental Politics of Food}, booktitle = {A Research Agenda for Global Environmental Politics}, year = {2018}, pages = {101-113}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, organization = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, abstract = {In a world confronted with escalating environmental crises, are academics asking the right questions and advocating the best solutions? This Research Agenda paves the way for new and established scholars in the field, identifying the significant gaps in research and emerging issues for future generations in global environmental politics.}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/a-research-agenda-for-global-environmental-politics}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Phoebe Stephens} } @article {8707, title = {Risky Returns: The Implications of Financialization in the Food System}, journal = {Development and Change}, volume = {49}, year = {2018}, pages = {437-460}, abstract = {This article examines the rise of financialization in the agrifood sector and maps out both the way it has unfolded as well as its implications. The article argues that financialization has opened up new arenas for capital accumulation in the agrifood sector; reshaped the agrifood firms in ways that respond to demands of shareholders; and transformed everyday practices of food and social provisioning. The authors make the case that these three broad processes, while each important in their own right, are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. The article also argues that the complex iteration of financialization in the agrifood sector carries three important implications for the long-term social and ecological sustainability of food and agricultural provisioning: it exacerbates the existing imbalances of power and wealth in the food system; it increases economic and ecological vulnerabilities within agrifood systems; and it has evolved in ways that impede and dampen collective demands for change and resistance. Taken together, these wider implications of financialization in the agrifood sector present a direct challenge to the ability of food systems to provide livelihoods and food security over the long term.}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dech.12376/full}, author = {Clapp, Jennifer and Isakson, S. Ryan} } @book {16634, title = {Speculative Harvests: Financialization, Food and Agriculture}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Fernwood Press}, organization = {Fernwood Press}, abstract = {

In Speculative Harvests, Clapp and Isakson investigate the evolving relationship between the agrifood and financial sectors, paying particular attention to how the contemporary process of financialization is reshaping agrarian development and food systems. Understood as the growing prevalence of financial actors, markets, motives and profits in an economy, financialization is a defining feature of modern-day capitalism that is reconfiguring the distribution of wealth and economic power in a variety of contexts across the globe. In a clear and accessible manner, Clapp and Isakson explain the character and ramifications of these changes for the world food economy and systematically detail how different elements of agrifood provisioning {\textemdash} including commodity trading, farmland tenure, the management of agricultural risk, and food trading, processing, and retailing {\textemdash} have been reconfigured for financial purposes.

Clapp and Isakson highlight the importance of confronting the financialization of food and agriculture, identify the challenges of conventional approaches to food system reform and consider innovative alternatives. Speculative Harvests is essential reading for food scholars and activists who not only seek a better understanding of the problems inherent to the contemporary food system but also are also in search of effective interventions towards its positive transformation.

}, url = {https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/book/speculative-harvests}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and S. Ryan Isakson} } @newspaperarticle {8711, title = {Will \‘Climate Smart Agriculture\’ Serve the Public Interest - or the Drive for Growing Profits for Private Corporations?}, journal = {The Ecologist}, year = {2018}, url = {https://theecologist.org/2018/jan/19/will-climate-smart-agriculture-serve-public-interest-or-drive-growing-profits-private}, author = {Peter Newell and Jennifer Clapp and Zoe W. Brent} } @newspaperarticle {6976, title = {Agribusiness Mega-mergers Won\’t Help to Feed the World}, journal = {The Hill Times}, year = {2017}, url = {https://www.hilltimes.com/2017/01/18/agribusiness-mega-mergers-wont-help-feed-world/92980}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {8709, title = {Agriculture and Finance}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, url = {https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-6167-4_166-3}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sarah J. Martin} } @inbook {16642, title = {Agriculture and Finance}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, edition = {2nd edition}, address = {Dordrecht}, abstract = {The second edition of this extensive work is the definitive source on issues pertaining to the full range of topics in the important area of food and agricultural ethics.\ Altogether about\ 100 new entries\ appear in this new edition.\ The start of the 21st century has seen intensified debate, discussion, and criticism of food and agriculture.\  Scholars, activists, and citizens increasingly question the goals and ethical rationale behind production, distribution and consumption of food, and the use of crops for fuel and fiber. These wide-ranging debates encompass questions in human nutrition, animal rights, and the environmental impacts of agricultural production. The encyclopedia provides a detailed analysis of these issues and hundreds of other topics including the use of antibiotics in animal feedlots, the Green Revolution, organic farming, Islam and Food, and cannibalism.The Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics,\ 2nd\ edition\ is an indispensable reference point for future research and writing on topics in agriculture, food, animal, and eating ethics.}, url = {https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007\%2F978-94-007-6167-4_166-3}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sarah J. Martin}, editor = {Paul B. Thompson and David M. Kaplan} } @article {31805, title = {Agriculture and Human Values}, journal = {Responsibility to the rescue? Governing private financial investment in global agriculture}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84954312179\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31806, title = {Agriculture and Human Values}, journal = {The complex dynamics of agriculture as a financial asset: introduction to symposium}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84954325475\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Isakson, S.R. and Visser, O.} } @newspaperarticle {6975, title = {Agriculture Complicates Trump\’s Trade Bluster}, journal = {The Hill Times}, year = {2017}, url = {https://www.hilltimes.com/2017/03/29/agriculture-complicates-trumps-trade-bluster/101295}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6624, title = {Big Food, Nutritionism and Corporate Power}, journal = {Globalizations}, volume = {14}, year = {2017}, pages = {578-595}, abstract = {

Big Food corporations have capitalized on nutritionism{\textemdash}the reduction of food{\textquoteright}s nutritional value to its individual nutrients{\textemdash}as a means by which to enhance their power and position in global processed and packaged food markets. Drawing on the literatures on nutrition and corporate power, we show that Big Food companies have used nutritional positioning to bolster their power and influence in the sector. Through lobbying and participation in nutritionally focused public{\textendash}private partnerships, they have directly sought to influence policy and governance. Through market dominance in the nutritionally enhanced foods sector, and participation in nutrition-focused rule-setting activities in agrifood supply chains, they have gained power to influence policy agendas. And they have used public outreach and the media to present their views on the nutritional aspects of their products, which shapes public perceptions and the broader regulatory environment. Together, these strategies have enhanced the power of Big Food firms to influence policies in the food sector.

}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2016.1239806}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Gyorgy Scrinis} } @inbook {8710, title = {Capital Markets: Investors Care About Growth \– Not about the Growers}, booktitle = {Agrifood Atlas: Facts and Figures about the Corporations that Control What We Eat}, year = {2017}, pages = {38-39}, publisher = {Heinrick B{\"o}ll Foundation, Rosa Luxemburg Foundation and Friends of the Earth Europe}, organization = {Heinrick B{\"o}ll Foundation, Rosa Luxemburg Foundation and Friends of the Earth Europe}, address = {Brussels}, url = {http://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/agriculture/2017/agrifood_atlas.pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6626, title = {The Complex Dynamics of Agriculture as a Financial Asset: Introduction to Symposium}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {34}, year = {2017}, pages = {179-183}, abstract = {

The contemporary process of financialization has been a major driver of the remarkable changes witnessed in global food and agricultural markets over the past decade, contributing to the rise and subsequent volatility of food and agricultural commodity prices since 2006. In the wake of these developments it has become clear that the turmoil has intensified the relationship between agriculture and finance in ways that have profound and enduring implications for the sector, and the people whose lives and livelihoods depend upon it. This symposium brings together four original research articles that contemplate the contemporary relationship between the agrifood and financial sectors. They examine a variety of overlapping themes, including the creation of financial assets from farmland and agricultural commodities, the activities of different types of investors in these assets in specific geographic contexts, and the challenges of governing this activity at the global scale. These articles show that the period of market volatility that began a decade ago re-invigorated investor interest in financial products linked to agriculture and farming, and inspired the packaging of new forms of financial assets in ways that have affected politics and practice on the ground, and are likely to leave a lasting legacy.

}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-016-9682-7}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Ryan Isakson and Oane Visser} } @inbook {5850, title = {Food Aid}, booktitle = {Handbook of Globalisation and Development}, year = {2017}, pages = {709-735}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, organization = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, url = {http://www.e-elgar.com/shop/handbook-of-globalisation-and-development}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Kenneth A. Reinert} } @article {31804, title = {Food Policy}, journal = {Food self-sufficiency: Making sense of it, and when it makes sense}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85007378560\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {6622, title = {Food Self-Sufficiency: Making Sense of It, and When it Makes Sense}, journal = {Food Policy}, volume = {66}, year = {2017}, pages = {88-96}, abstract = {

Food self-sufficiency gained increased attention in a number of countries in the wake of the 2007{\textendash}08 international food crisis, as countries sought to buffer themselves from volatility on world food markets. Food self-sufficiency is often presented in policy circles as the direct opposite of international trade in food, and is widely critiqued by economists as a misguided approach to food security that places political priorities ahead of economic efficiency. This paper takes a closer look at the concept of food self-sufficiency and makes the case that policy choice on this issue is far from a straightforward binary choice between the extremes of relying solely on homegrown food and a fully open trade policy for foodstuffs. It shows that in practice, food self-sufficiency is defined and measured in a number of different ways, and argues that a broader understanding of the concept opens up space for considering food self-sufficiency policy in relative terms, rather than as an either/or policy choice. Conceptualizing food self-sufficiency along a continuum may help to move the debate in a more productive direction, allowing for greater consideration of instances when the pursuit of policies to increase domestic food production may make sense both politically and economically.

}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919216305851}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31809, title = {Global Environmental Change}, journal = {Why equity is fundamental in climate change policy research}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84994666727\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Klinsky, S. and Roberts, T. and Huq, S. and Okereke, C. and Newell, P. and Dauvergne, P. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, K. and Schroeder, H. and Tschakert, P. and Clapp, J. and Keck, M. and Biermann, F. and Liverman, D. and Gupta, J. and Rahman, A. and Messner, D. and Pellow, D. and Bauer, S.} } @article {31802, title = {Globalizations}, journal = {Big Food, Nutritionism, and Corporate Power}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84992426927\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Scrinis, G.} } @article {31803, title = {Handbook of Globalisation and Development}, journal = {Food aid}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85021368117\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31807, title = {International Environmental Governance}, journal = {The privatization of global environmental governance: ISO 14000 and the developing world}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85079914301\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31808, title = {Journal of Peasant Studies}, journal = {The trade-ification of the food sustainability agenda}, year = {2017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85001085923\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {6625, title = {Responsibility to the Rescue: Governing Global Private Financial Investment in Agriculture}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {34}, year = {2017}, pages = {223-235}, abstract = {

This paper examines the recent rise of initiatives for responsible agricultural investment and provides a preliminary assessment of their likely success in curbing the ecological and social costs associated with the growth in private financial investment in the sector over the past decade. I argue that voluntary responsible investment initiatives for agriculture are likely to face similar weaknesses to those experienced in responsible investment initiatives more generally. These include vague and difficult to enforce guidelines, low participation rates, an uneven business case, and confusion arising from multiple and competing initiatives. In addition, the large diversity of investors and high degree of complexity of financial investments further complicate efforts to discern who bears the burden of responsibility in practice. As a result, there is a strong likelihood that voluntary governance initiatives for responsible agricultural investment will shift discourse more than they will change practice.

}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-015-9678-8}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6623, title = {The Trade-ification of the Food Sustainability Agenda}, journal = {Journal of Peasant Studies}, volume = {44}, year = {2017}, pages = {335-353}, abstract = {

This contribution argues that the food sustainability agenda in global food governance arrangements is becoming {\textquoteleft}trade-ified{\textquoteright}. It shows that international trade has become normalized in these settings not only as being compatible with, but also as a key delivery mechanism for, food system sustainability. The paper first explains the rationale for this dominant narrative, which revolves around the efficiency gains from trade. Second, it outlines two important critiques of this approach {\textendash} one that stresses the need to look beyond food as an economic commodity, and one that reveals the internal flaws of trade theory {\textendash} which together provide important counterpoints to this dominant narrative. Third, the paper offers three interrelated explanations for why trade continues to be presented as a key ingredient to food sustainability despite the weaknesses of the dominant approach: institutional fragmentation in global food governance; the carryover of previous normative compromises regarding trade and the environment in other governance settings; and the influence of powerful interests.

}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2016.1250077}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6978, title = {Bigger isn\’t Always Better: What the Proposed Agribusiness Mega Mergers Could Mean for Canada}, year = {2016}, url = {https://foodsecurecanada.org/resources-news/news-media/big-6-agribusiness-mega-mergers-canada}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Chelsie Hunt and Carly Hayes} } @book {5845, title = {Food}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Polity Press}, organization = {Polity Press}, edition = {2}, address = {London}, abstract = {

We all need food to survive, and forty percent of the world{\textquoteright}s population relies on agriculture for their livelihood. Yet control over food is concentrated in relatively few hands. Turmoil in the world food economy over the past decade - including the food price crisis, intensification of land grabs, and clashes over rules governing global food trade - has highlighted both the volatility and vulnerability inherent in the way we currently organize this vital sector. At the same time, contrasting extremes of both undernourishment and overnourishment affect a significant proportion of humanity. There is also growing awareness of the serious ecological consequences that stem from industrial models of agriculture that are increasingly spreading worldwide.

The revised and updated second edition of this popular book aims to contribute to a fuller understanding of the forces that influence and shape the current global food system. In it, Jennifer Clapp explores how the rise of industrial agriculture, corporate control, inequitable agricultural trade rules, and the financialization of food have each enabled powerful actors to gain fundamental influence on the practices that dominate the world food economy. A variety of movements have emerged that are making important progress in establishing alternative food systems but, as Clapp{\textquoteright}s penetrating analysis ably shows, significant challenges remain.

}, url = {http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509500796}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31811, title = {Global Environmental Politics}, journal = {Researching global environmental politics in the 21st century}, year = {2016}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961331288\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Dauvergne, P. and Clapp, J.} } @article {31810, title = {Global Environmental Politics: From Person to Planet}, journal = {Brief history of international environmental cooperation}, year = {2016}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85087886399\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Dauvergne, P.} } @newspaperarticle {6981, title = {How the Cauliflower Crisis Happened}, journal = {Embassy}, year = {2016}, url = {http://www.embassynews.ca/opinion/2016/02/24/how-the-cauliflower-crisis-happened/48274}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {6980, title = {How the Cauliflower Crisis Happened}, journal = {The Hill Times}, year = {2016}, url = {https://www.hilltimes.com/global/2016/02/23/how-the-cauliflower-crisis-happened/38274}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {6979, title = {Monsanto, Dow, Syngenta: Rush for Mega-mergers Puts Food Security at Risk}, journal = {The Guardian}, year = {2016}, url = {https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/may/05/monsanto-dow-syngenta-rush-for-mega-mergers-puts-food-security-at-risk}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6627, title = {Researching Global Environmental Politics in the 21st Century}, journal = {Global Environmental Politics}, volume = {16}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {

This forum article highlights three major research trends we have observed in the journal Global Environmental Politics since 2000. First, research has increasingly focused on specific and formal mechanisms of global environmental governance, contributing to more elaborate and refined methodologies that span more scales and levels of analysis. Second, research increasingly has concentrated on the rise of market-based governance mechanisms and the influence of private actors, reflecting a broader shift among policymakers toward liberal approaches to governance. Third, over this time empirical research has shifted significantly toward analyzing issues through a lens of climate change, providing valuable insights into environmental change, but narrowing the journal{\textquoteright}s empirical focus. These trends, which overlap in complex ways, arise partly from shifts in real-world politics, partly from broader shifts in the overall field of global environmental politics (GEP), and partly from the advancing capacity of GEP theories and methodologies to investigate the full complexity of local to global governance. This maturing of GEP scholarship does present challenges for the field, however, including the ability of field-defining journals such as Global Environmental Politics to engage a diversity of critical scholarly voices and to influence policy and activism.

}, url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/GLEP_e_00333}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Dauvergne} } @newspaperarticle {6977, title = {Too Much at Stake for Canada to Ignore Agribusiness Mega-Mergers}, journal = {The Hill Times}, year = {2016}, url = {https://www.hilltimes.com/2016/07/13/too-much-at-stake-for-canada-to-ignore-agribusiness-mega-mergers/73554}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6629, title = {ABCD and Beyond: From Global Grain Merchants to Agricultural Value Chain Managers}, journal = {Canadian Food Studies}, volume = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {126-135}, url = {http://canadianfoodstudies.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cfs/article/view/84}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {6982, title = {Clearing the Smoke: Food, Trade, and the Climate Crisis}, journal = {The Hill Times}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.hilltimes.com/global/2015/12/15/clearing-the-smoke-food-trade-and-the-climate-crisis/38035}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {5852, title = {Corporate Social Responsibility}, booktitle = {The Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance}, year = {2015}, pages = {42-44}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {Abingdon}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Essential-Concepts-of-Global-Environmental-Governance/Morin-Orsini/p/book/9780415822473}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Ian H. Rowlands}, editor = {Jean-Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Morin and Amandine Orsini} } @article {133, title = {Distant Agricultural Landscapes}, journal = {Sustainability Science}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {08/2014}, pages = {305-316}, abstract = {

This paper examines the relationship between the development of the dominant industrial food system and its associated global economic drivers and the environmental sustainability of agricultural landscapes. It makes the case that the growth of the global industrial food system has encouraged increasingly complex forms of {\textquotedblleft}distance{\textquotedblright} that separate food both geographically and mentally from the landscapes on which it was produced. This separation between food and its originating landscape poses challenges for the ability of more localized agricultural sustainability initiatives to address some of the broader problems in the global food system. In particular, distance enables certain powerful actors to externalize ecological and social costs, which in turn makes it difficult to link specific global actors to particular biophysical and social impacts felt on local agricultural landscapes. Feedback mechanisms that normally would provide pressure for improved agricultural sustainability are weak because there is a lack of clarity regarding responsibility for outcomes. The paper provides a brief illustration of these dynamics with a closer look at increased financialization in the food system. It shows that new forms of distancing are encouraged by the growing significance of financial markets in global agrifood value chains. This dynamic has a substantial impact on food system outcomes and ultimately complicates efforts to scale up small-scale local agricultural models that are more sustainable.

}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-014-0278-0}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6631, title = {Finance for Agriculture or Agriculture for Finance?}, journal = {Journal of Agrarian Change}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {549-559}, abstract = {

ood studies scholars have paid increasing attention to {\textquoteleft}financialization{\textquoteright} within the food system as private financial actors have played a growing role in various facets of the sector in recent years. While there has been much attention paid to the implications of the greater role for financial actors in the food system, there has been relatively less attention paid to the ways in which these actors have historically interacted with it; in particular, in relation to the role of the state in mediating agricultural finance. This paper examines the long association between agriculture, finance and the state. Historically, private capital has been reluctant to invest in agriculture without assurances and support from the state, and states have practiced varying degrees of regulation on private financiers in the sector. These trends have shaped the practices of contemporary financialization. Although we recognize the systematic political project to reduce the role of the state in agriculture since the 1970s, these patterns persist and we ultimately argue that to understand the financialization of agriculture, it is important to understand how the state has been a long-standing coupler between finance and agriculture.

}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joac.12110/full}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sarah Martin} } @inbook {5851, title = {Food}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Governance and Politics}, year = {2015}, pages = {504-512}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, organization = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, url = {http://www.e-elgar.com/shop/encyclopedia-of-global-environmental-governance-and-politics}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Philipp H. Pattberg and Fariborz Zelli} } @magazinearticle {6905, title = {Food Assistance and Food Prices\–Who Bears the Price Risk?}, journal = {Diplomat Magazine: Border Crossing}, year = {2015}, pages = {6-9}, url = {https://issuu.com/diploflying/docs/border.crossing.volume1.issue8.__}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and C. Stuart Clark} } @article {6628, title = {Food Security and Contested Agricultural Trade Norms}, journal = {Journal of International Law and International Relations}, volume = {11}, year = {2015}, pages = {104-115}, url = {http://jilir.org/docs/issues/volume_11-2/11.2_5_CLAPP_FINAL.pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @report {6919, title = {Food Security and International Trade: Unpacking Disputed Narratives}, year = {2015}, pages = {50 pages}, institution = {FAO. Background Paper for The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2015-2016.}, address = {Rome}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5160e.pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @report {6920, title = {Food Self Sufficiency and International Trade: A False Dichotomy?}, year = {2015}, pages = {11 pages}, institution = {FAO. Technical Note for The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets {\textendash} In-Depth }, address = {Rome}, url = {http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5222e.pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6632, title = {Introduction to a Symposium on Global Finance and the Agrifood Sector: Risk and Regulation}, journal = {Journal of Agrarian Change}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {541-548}, abstract = {

This symposium introduction brings together two debates; the debate on global food prices and speculation, and the debate on so-called global {\textquoteleft}land investment{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}land grabbing{\textquoteright}. Both debates are examining two sides of the same phenomenon {\textendash} the growing role of private financial investors in the global agri-food value chains and the myriad consequences of it. The symposium moves beyond the identification of finance as an exogenous factor to the trends in the sector. It examines real-life incarnations of finance in the sector by looking at investment arrangements, including connections with the state, and its (regional) variations. The symposium addresses three main themes. First, it explores the interplay of the state and private finance. It shows that the effect of regulation is limited in the face of increasingly mobile and complex investment flows. Second, it addresses the shifts and transfigurations of risk in the agri-food sector due to financialization. Third, the symposium discusses to what extent, and how, the origins and identity of farmland investors still matters within an increasingly globalized financial sector. The paper concludes by identifying some related areas for further research.

}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joac.12123/abstract}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Oane Visser and Ryan Isakson} } @book {31815, title = {Journal of Agrarian Change}, series = {Introduction to a Symposium on Global Finance and the Agri-food Sector: Risk and Regulation}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84941315821\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Visser, O. and Clapp, J. and Isakson, S.R.} } @article {31813, title = {Journal of Agrarian Change}, journal = {Finance for Agriculture or Agriculture for Finance?}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84941315026\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Martin, S.J. and Clapp, J.} } @article {6630, title = {Mapping the State of Play on the Global Food Landscape}, journal = {Canadian Food Studies}, volume = {2}, year = {2015}, pages = {1-6}, url = {http://canadianfoodstudies.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/cfs/article/view/103}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Annette Desmarais and Matias Margulis} } @book {31814, title = {Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics}, series = {Food and agriculture}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84966800346\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Martin, S.J.} } @article {31812, title = {Sustainability Science}, journal = {Distant agricultural landscapes}, year = {2015}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84925777616\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31820, title = {Advances in International Environmental Politics}, series = {International political economy and the environment}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85026270129\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @inbook {141, title = {Agriculture and Finance}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics}, year = {2014}, pages = {86-94}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, url = {http://www.springer.com/us/book/9789400709287}, author = {Sarah J Martin and Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Paul B Thompson and David M Kaplan} } @webarticle {6985, title = {Cultivating Responsibility: Where Does the Buck Stop in Agricultural Investment?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2014}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/cultivating-responsibility-where-does-the-buck-stop-in-agricultural-investment/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {31819, title = {Dialogues in Human Geography}, series = {Food security and food sovereignty: Getting past the binary}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84975095837\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31816, title = {Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance}, series = {Corporate social responsibility}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84978194522\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Rowlands, I.H.} } @article {134, title = {Financialization, Distance and Global Food Politics}, journal = {The Journal of Peasant Studies}, volume = {41}, year = {2014}, month = {01/2014}, pages = {797-814}, abstract = {

This paper provides a new perspective on the political implications of intensified financialization in the global food system. There has been a growing recognition of the role of finance in the global food system, in particular the way in which financial markets have become a mode of accumulation for large transnational agribusiness players within the current food regime. This paper highlights a further political implication of agrifood system financialization, namely how it fosters {\textquoteleft}distancing{\textquoteright} in the food system and how that distance shapes the broader context of global food politics. Specifically, the paper advances two interrelated arguments. First, a new kind of distancing has emerged within the global food system as a result of financialization that has (a) increased the number of the number and type of actors involved in global agrifood commodity chains and (b) abstracted food from its physical form into highly complex agricultural commodity derivatives. Second, this distancing has obscured the links between financial actors and food system outcomes in ways that make the political context for opposition to financialization especially challenging.

}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03066150.2013.875536}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {82, title = {Food and Agriculture}, booktitle = {Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics}, year = {2014}, pages = {520-532}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Global-Environmental-Politics/Harris/p/book/9780415694209}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sarah J. Martin}, editor = {Paul G. Harris} } @inbook {139, title = {Food and Agriculture}, booktitle = {Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics}, year = {2014}, pages = {568}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {New York}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sarah J Martin}, editor = {P.G Harris} } @inbook {5854, title = {Food and Hunger}, booktitle = {International Organization and Global Governance}, year = {2014}, pages = {644-655}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/International-Organization-and-Global-Governance/Weiss-Wilkinson/p/book/9780415627603}, author = {Jennnifer Clapp}, editor = {Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson} } @inbook {81, title = {Food Price Volatility and Global Economic Governance}, booktitle = {Handbook of the International Political Economy of Governance}, year = {2014}, pages = {220-237}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, organization = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/handbook-of-the-international-political-economy-of-governance?___website=uk_warehouse}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Nicola Phillips and Anthony Payne} } @article {135, title = {Food Security and Food Sovereignty: Getting Past the Binary}, journal = {Dialogues in Human Geography}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {07/2014}, pages = {206-211}, abstract = {

The terms food security and food sovereignty originally emerged as separate terms to describe different things. The former is a concept that describes a condition regarding access to adequate food, while the latter is more explicitly a political agenda for how to address inadequate access to food and land rights. Over the past decade, the critical food studies literature has increasingly referred to these terms as being oppositional to each rather than relational to one another. This commentary reflects on the emergence and rationale behind this binary and argues that the current oppositional frame within the literature is problematic in several ways. First, critics of food security have inserted a rival normative agenda into what was originally a much more open-ended concept. Second, the grounds on which that normative agenda is assigned to food security are shaky on several points. Given these problems, the commentary argues that the juxtaposition of food security and food sovereignty as competing terms is in many ways more confusing than helpful to policy dialogue on questions of hunger and the global food system.

}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2043820614537159}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {138, title = {Governing Trade in Global Food and Agriculture}, booktitle = {Handbook of Global Economic Governance: Players, Power and Paradigms}, year = {2014}, pages = {79-94}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {Abingdon}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Handbook-of-Global-Economic-Governance-Players-Power-and-Paradigms/Moschella-Weaver/p/book/9781857436358}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Kimberly Burnett}, editor = {Manuela Moschella and Kate Weaver} } @book {31818, title = {Handbook of the International Political Economy of Governance}, series = {Food price volatility and global economic governance}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84958025741\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @inbook {5853, title = {International Political Economy and the Environment}, booktitle = {Advances in International Environmental Politics}, year = {2014}, pages = {107-136}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {New York}, url = {http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137338969}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Michele M. Betsill and Kathryn Hochstetler and Dimitris Stevis} } @book {31817, title = {Journal of Peasant Studies}, series = {Financialization, distance and global food politics}, year = {2014}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907585434\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @report {6921, title = {Trade Liberalization and Food Security: Examining the Linkages}, year = {2014}, pages = {40 pages}, institution = {Quaker United Nations Office}, address = {New York and Geneva}, url = {http://www.quno.org/sites/default/files/resources/QUNO_Food\%20Security_Clapp.pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {136, title = {Trade Liberalization and Food Security: Examining the Linkages}, journal = {Quaker United Nations Office}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6986, title = {Turning the \‘Tied\’? 2014 Farm Bill and the Future of U.S. Food Aid}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2014}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/turning-the-tied-2014-farm-bill-and-the-future-of-u-s-food-aid/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {137, title = {World Hunger and the Global Economy: Strong Linkages, Weak Action}, journal = {Journal of International Affairs}, volume = {67}, year = {2014}, pages = {1-17}, abstract = {

This paper probes some of the global economic forces that have contributed to the ongoing precarious global food security situation, especially in the years since the 2007 to 2008 food crisis. Since the crisis hit at a time when global food production per capita was rising, it is important that policies addressing hunger incorporate dimensions beyond food production. There has been some acknowledgement of the role of global economic forces in the food crisis by global policymakers, but global food security initiatives still largely emphasize increased food production over other measures. The paper concludes that more needs to be done to ensure that the rules that govern the global economy--especially those regarding international trade, finance, and investment--do not work against the goal of food security.

}, url = {https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/world-hunger-and-the-global-economy-strong-linkages-weak-action}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6992, title = {Banks on the Counter-Attack in the Food and Finance Debate}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2013}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/banks-on-the-counter-attack-in-the-food-and-finance-debate/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {86, title = {Business as a Global Actor}, booktitle = {The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy}, year = {2013}, pages = {286-303}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, organization = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Chichester}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118326213.ch17/summary}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Jonas Meckling}, editor = {R Falkner} } @article {31824, title = {Ethics and International Affairs}, journal = {How We Count Hunger Matters}, year = {2013}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84994154688\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Lapp{\'e}, F.M. and Clapp, J. and Anderson, M. and Broad, R. and Messer, E. and Pogge, T. and Wise, T.} } @proceedings {80, title = {The Financialization of Agriculture, Food and Food Security}, journal = {8th annual assembly of the Canadian Association of Food Studies}, year = {2013}, address = {Victoria, BC}, author = {Sarah J Martin and Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {5855, title = {Food Security}, booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy}, year = {2013}, pages = {642-657}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, url = {http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199588862.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199588862}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Andrew F. Cooper and Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur} } @inbook {90, title = {Food Security and the WTO}, booktitle = {Trade, Poverty, Development: Getting beyond the Doha Deadlock}, year = {2013}, pages = {57-71}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/products/9780415624503}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Rorden Wilkinson and James Scott} } @article {47, title = {The G20 and Food Security: A Mismatch in Global Governance?}, journal = {Global Policy}, volume = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {129-138}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

When the G20 took up food security in 2010, many were optimistic that it could bring about positive change by addressing structural problems in commodity markets that were contributing to high and volatile food prices and exacerbating hunger. Its members could tighten the regulation of agricultural commodity futures markets, support multilateral trade rules that would better reflect both importer and exporter needs, end renewable fuel targets that diverted land to biofuels production, and coordinate food reserves. In this article, we argue that although the G20 took on food security as a focus area, it missed an important opportunity and has shown that it is not the most appropriate forum for food security policy. Instead of tackling the structural economic dimensions of food security, the G20 chose to promote smoothing and coping measures within the current global economic framework. By shifting the focus away from structural issues, the G20 has had a chilling effect on policy debates in other global food security forums, especially the UN Committee on World Food Security (CFS). In addition, the G20 excludes the voices of the least developed countries and civil society, and lacks the expertise and capacity to implement its recommendations.

}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12039/abstract}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sophia Murphy} } @article {31825, title = {Global Policy}, journal = {The G20 and Food Security: A Mismatch in Global Governance?}, year = {2013}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878123167\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Murphy, S.} } @book {31821, title = {The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy}, series = {Business as a Global Actor}, year = {2013}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84888673983\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Meckling, J.} } @article {46, title = {How We Count Hunger Matters}, journal = {Ethics \& International Affairs}, volume = {27}, year = {2013}, pages = {251-259}, abstract = {

Hunger continues to be one of humanity{\textquoteright}s greatest challenges despite the existence of a more-than-adequate global food supply equal to 2,800 kilocalories for every person every day. In measuring progress, policy-makers and concerned citizens across the globe rely on information supplied by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), an agency of the United Nations. In 2010 the FAO reported that in the wake of the 2007{\textendash}2008 food-price spikes and global economic crisis, the number of people experiencing hunger worldwide since 2005{\textendash}2007 had increased by 150 million, rising above 1 billion in 2009. However, in its State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012 (SOFI 12) the FAO presented new estimates, having revamped its methods and reinterpreted its hunger data back to 1990. The revised numbers for the period 1990{\textendash}1992 to 2010{\textendash}2012 reverse the trend to a steadily falling one. Based on the FAO{\textquoteright}s new calculations,\ extreme undernourishment peaked in 1990 at a record-breaking one billion, followed by a significant decline through 2006, when progress stalled but did not reverse (see chart below).

}, doi = {10.1017/S0892679413000191}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8952590}, author = {Frances Moore Lappe and Jennifer Clapp and Molly Anderson and Robin Broad and Ellen Messer and Thomas Pogge and Timothy Wise} } @article {107, title = {Hunger and the Post-2015 Development Agenda}, journal = {Ottawa Citizen Blogs}, year = {2013}, url = {http://blogs.ottawacitizen.com/2013/05/28/jennifer-clapp-hunger-and-the-post-2015-development-agenda/?postpost=v2$\#$content}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6990, title = {Hunger and the Post-2015 Development Agenda}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2013}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/hunger-and-the-post-2015-development-agenda/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6984, title = {Hunger and the Post-2015 Development Agenda}, journal = {Ottawa Citizen Development Blog}, year = {2013}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6988, title = {Hunger, Metrics, and SOFI 13}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2013}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/hunger-metrics-and-sofi-13/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6989, title = {NGOs Target Financial Investment in Farmland}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2013}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/ngo-target-financial-investment-in-farmland/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {31822, title = {Perspectives on Politics}, series = {Fighting Hunger: The Cold War and US Foreign Aid}, year = {2013}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85012567413\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31823, title = {Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics}, series = {Food and agriculture}, year = {2013}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85087540717\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Martin, S.J.} } @webarticle {6987, title = {Taking it to the (Position) Limits One More Time}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2013}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/taking-it-to-the-position-limits-one-more-time/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6991, title = {The US Food Aid Debate: Major Reform on the Horizon?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2013}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/the-us-food-aid-debate-major-reform-on-the-horizon/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6998, title = {The 2012 Food Assistance Convention: Is a Promise Still a Promise?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/the-2012-food-assistance-convention-is-a-promise-still-a-promise/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {116, title = {The 2012 Food Assistance Convention: Is a Promise Still a Promise?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment. Cross Posted to CIGI Blog: Inside the World Economy}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/the-2012-food-assistance-convention-is-a-promise-still-a-promise/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @report {6922, title = {Cereal Secrets: The World\’s Largest Grain Traders and Global Agriculture}, year = {2012}, pages = {80 pages}, institution = {Oxfam International. Oxfam Research Reports}, url = {https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/rr-cereal-secrets-grain-traders-agriculture-30082012-en.pdf }, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sophia Murphy and David Burch} } @book {31831, title = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability}, series = {Transforming governance and institutions for global sustainability: Key insights from the Earth System Governance Project}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863393384\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Biermann, F. and Abbott, K. and Andresen, S. and B{\"a}ckstrand, K. and Bernstein, S. and Betsill, M.M. and Bulkeley, H. and Cashore, B. and Clapp, J. and Folke, C. and Gupta, A. and Gupta, J. and Haas, P.M. and Jordan, A. and Kanie, N. and Kluv{\'a}nkov{\'a}-Oravsk{\'a}, T. and Lebel, L. and Liverman, D. and Meadowcroft, J. and Mitchell, R.B. and Newell, P. and Oberth{\"u}r, S. and Olsson, L. and Pattberg, P. and S{\'a}nchez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, R. and Schroeder, H. and Underdal, A. and Vieira, S.C. and Vogel, C. and Young, O.R. and Brock, A. and Zondervan, R.} } @proceedings {78, title = {The Financialization of Food: Who is Being Fed?}, journal = {International Studies Association}, year = {2012}, address = {San Diego}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {113, title = {Financialized Agriculture: The New Realm of Social Activism}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment. Cross Posted to CIGI Blog: Inside the World Economy}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/financialized-agriculture-the-new-realm-of-social-activism/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6995, title = {Financialized Agriculture: The New Realm of Social Activism}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/financialized-agriculture-the-new-realm-of-social-activism/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {36, title = {Food}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Polity Press}, organization = {Polity Press}, address = {London}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {31829, title = {Food and Culture: A Reader}, series = {The political economy of food aid in an era of agricultural biotechnology}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85086974526\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {117, title = {The Food Security Agenda {\textendash} Making Positive Change or Passing the Buck?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment. Cross Posted to CIGI Blog: Inside the World Economy}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/spotlight-g20-the-food-security-agenda/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {115, title = {G-20 and Food Security: Keep the Focus on Economic Policy Reform}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment. Cross Posted to CIGI Blog: Inside the World Economy}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/g20-and-food-security-keep-the-focus-on-economic-policy-reform/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6997, title = {G-20 and Food Security: Keep the Focus on Economic Policy Reform}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/g20-and-food-security-keep-the-focus-on-economic-policy-reform/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @proceedings {73, title = {The Global Food Crisis and the Financialization of Food}, journal = {Institute of Social and Political Studies}, year = {2012}, address = {State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {31830, title = {Histories of the Dustheap: Waste, Material Cultures, Social Justice}, series = {The rising tide against plastic waste: Unpacking industry attempts to influence the debate}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894770376\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {35, title = {Hunger in the Balance: The New Politics of International Food Aid}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Cornell University Press}, organization = {Cornell University Press}, address = {Ithaca}, url = {http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100272560}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {31827, title = {International Affairs}, series = {International political economy and the environment: Back to the basics?}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858802507\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Helleiner, E.} } @article {51, title = {International Political Economy and the Environment: Back to the Basics?}, journal = {International Affairs}, volume = {88}, year = {2012}, pages = {485-501}, chapter = {485}, abstract = {

For the past two decades, scholars of international political economy and the environment (IPEE) have become quite focused on the study of various international cooperative initiatives that seek to link economic and environmental issues in the wake of the 1987 Brundtland Report and the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. This important work has enhanced our understanding of topics such as the economic dimensions of international environmental governance, the environmental activities of international economic institutions and regimes, and new kinds of private international regimes governing the environment{\textendash}economy interface. This focus of IPEE scholarship has, however, steered attention away from larger structural trends in the international political economy, whose environmental implications are not addressed explicitly by significant international governance arrangements. Three such trends that are deserving of more attention from IPEE scholars include: the globalization of financial markets; the rise of newly powerful states such as China and India in the global economy; and the recent emergence of high and volatile commodity prices. Each of these structural trends{\textemdash}as well as their interrelationships{\textemdash}have important environmental consequences whose closer study enhances our understanding of the relationship between the international political economy and the environment. Their study also encourages scholars to widen their focus beyond treaties, institutions and regimes to examine broader global economic structures and processes, and the power relationships within them, in an interdisciplinary manner that can draw inspiration from the pioneers of the field of international political economy from the 1970s.

}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01085.x/full}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Eric Helleiner} } @webarticle {6999, title = {\“The Food Security Agenda \– Making Positive Change or Passing the Buck?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/spotlight-g20-the-food-security-agenda/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @proceedings {72, title = {Lessons from the World Food Crisis}, journal = {University of Regina and Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy}, year = {2012}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {56, title = {Navigating the Anthropocene: Improving Earth System Governance}, journal = {Science}, volume = {335}, year = {2012}, pages = {1306-1307}, chapter = {1306}, url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/335/6074/1306}, author = {Frank Biermann and Kenneth Abbott and Steinar Andresen and Karin Backstrand and Steven Bernstein and Michele M Betsill and Harriet Bulkeley and Benjamin Cashore and Jennifer Clapp and Carl Folke and Aarti Gupta and Joyeeta Gupta and Peter M Haas and Andrew Jordan and Norichika Kanie and Tatiana Kluv{\'a}nkov{\'a}-Oravsk{\'a} and Louis Lebel and Diana Liverman and James Meadowcroft and Ronald B Mitchell and Peter Newell and Sebastian Oberth{\"u}r and Lennart Olsson and Philipp Pattberg and Roberto S{\'a}nchez-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Heike Schroeder and Arild Underdal and Susana Camargo Vieira and Coleen Vogel and Oran R Young and Andrea Brock and Ruben Zondervan} } @webarticle {6994, title = {New UN Hunger Numbers No Reason for Complacency}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/new-un-hunger-numbers-no-reason-for-complacency/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {112, title = {New UN Hunger Numbers No Reason for Complacency}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment. Cross Posted to CIGI Blog: Inside the World Economy}, year = {2012}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {114, title = {Not Enough: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security at the Three Summits}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment. Cross Posted to CIGI Blog: Inside the World Economy}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/spotlight-g-20-rio20-not-enough-sustainable-agriculture-and-food-security-at-the-three-summits/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6996, title = {Not Enough: Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security at the Three Summits}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/spotlight-g-20-rio20-not-enough-sustainable-agriculture-and-food-security-at-the-three-summits/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {118, title = {Overnutrition and Undernutrition: Who is Feeding Whom?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment. Cross Posted to CIGI Blog: Inside the World Economy}, year = {2012}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {6993, title = {Position Limits for Agricultural Commodity Derivatives: Getting Tougher or Tough to Get}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/position-limits-for-agricultural-commodity-derivatives-getting-tougher-or-tough-to-get/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {87, title = {Private Voluntary Programs in Environmental Governance: Climate Change and the Financial Sector}, booktitle = {Business and Climate Policy: Potentials and Pitfalls of Voluntary Programs}, year = {2012}, pages = {43-76}, publisher = {UN University Press}, organization = {UN University Press}, address = {New York}, url = {http://www.academia.edu/326519/Private_Voluntary_Programs_in_Environmental_Governance_Climate_Change_and_the_Financial_Sector}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Jason Thistlethwaite}, editor = {Karsten Ronit} } @book {31832, title = {Review of International Political Economy}, series = {Troubled futures? The global food crisis and the politics of agricultural derivatives regulation}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858827862\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Helleiner, E.} } @inbook {88, title = {The Rising Tide against Plastic Waste: Unpacking Industry Attempts to Influence the Debate\”}, booktitle = {Histories of the Dustheap}, year = {2012}, pages = {199-225}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/histories-dustheap}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Stephanie Foote} } @book {31828, title = {Science}, series = {Navigating the anthropocene: Improving earth system governance}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858311453\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Biermann, F. and Abbott, K. and Andresen, S. and B{\"a}ckstrand, K. and Bernstein, S. and Betsill, M.M. and Bulkeley, H. and Cashore, B. and Clapp, J. and Folke, C. and Gupta, A. and Gupta, J. and Haas, P.M. and Jordan, A. and Kanie, N. and Kluv{\'a}nkov{\'a}-Oravsk{\'a}, T. and Lebel, L. and Liverman, D. and Meadowcroft, J. and Mitchell, R.B. and Newell, P. and Oberth{\"u}r, S. and Olsson, L. and Pattberg, P. and S{\'a}nchez-Rodr{\'\i}guez, R. and Schroeder, H. and Underdal, A. and Camargo Vieira, S. and Vogel, C. and Young, O.R. and Brock, A. and Zondervan, R.} } @article {57, title = {Towards a Strengthened Institutional Framework for Global Sustainability}, journal = {2012}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {51-60}, chapter = {51}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343512000152}, author = {Frank Biermann and Kenneth Abbott and Steinar Andresen and Karin Backstrand and Steven Bernstein and Michele M Betsill and Harriet Bulkeley and Benjamin Cashore and Jennifer Clapp and Carl Folke and Aarti Gupta and Joyeeta Gupta and Peter M Haas and Andrew Jordan and Norichika Kanie and Tatiana Kluv{\'a}nkov{\'a}-Oravsk{\'a} and Louis Lebel and Diana Liverman and James Meadowcroft and Ronald B Mitchell and Peter Newell and Sebastian Oberth{\"u}r and Lennart Olsson and Philipp Pattberg and Roberto S{\'a}nchez-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Heike Schroeder and Arild Underdal and Susana Camargo Vieira and Coleen Vogel and Oran R Young and Andrea Brock and Ruben Zondervan} } @book {31826, title = {Trade, Poverty, Development: Getting Beyond the WTO{\textquoteright}s Doha Deadlock}, series = {Food security and the WTO}, year = {2012}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84878141024\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {56, title = {Transforming Governance and Institutions for Global Sustainability: Key insights from the Earth System Governance Project}, journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, pages = {51-60}, chapter = {1306}, abstract = {

The current institutional framework for sustainable development is by far not strong enough to bring about the swift transformative progress that is needed. This article contends that incrementalism{\textemdash}the main approach since the 1972 Stockholm Conference{\textemdash}will not suffice to bring about societal change at the level and speed needed to mitigate and adapt to earth system transformation. Instead, the article argues that transformative structural change in global governance is needed, and that the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro must turn into a major stepping stone for a much stronger institutional framework for sustainable development. The article details core areas where urgent action is required. The article is based on an extensive social science assessment conducted by 32 members of the lead faculty, scientific steering committee, and other affiliates of the Earth System Governance Project. This Project is a ten-year research initiative under the auspices of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), which is sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Social Science Council (ISSC), and the United Nations University (UNU).

}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343512000152}, author = {Frank Biermann and Kenneth Abbott and Steinar Andresen and Karin Backstrand and Steven Bernstein and Michele M Betsill and Harriet Bulkeley and Benjamin Cashore and Jennifer Clapp and Carl Folke and Aarti Gupta and Joyeeta Gupta and Peter M Haas and Andrew Jordan and Norichika Kanie and Tatiana Kluv{\'a}nkov{\'a}-Oravsk{\'a} and Louis Lebel and Diana Liverman and James Meadowcroft and Ronald B Mitchell and Peter Newell and Sebastian Oberth{\"u}r and Lennart Olsson and Philipp Pattberg and Roberto S{\'a}nchez-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Heike Schroeder and Arild Underdal and Susana Camargo Vieira and Coleen Vogel and Oran R Young and Andrea Brock and Ruben Zondervan} } @article {52, title = {Troubled Futures? The Global Food Crisis and the Politics of Agricultural Derivatives Regulation}, journal = {Review of International Political Economy}, volume = {19}, year = {2012}, pages = {181-207}, chapter = {181}, abstract = {

The global food crisis of 2007{\textendash}08 triggered an important US-led initiative to tighten regulations over agricultural derivatives markets. The lead role of the US reflected its structural power in global finance and the influence of societal interests within the US concerned about the rapid growth of financial investment in agricultural derivatives markets over the past decade. Encouraged by market developments and deregulation in the United States, these investments represented a {\textquotedblleft}financialization{\textquotedblright} of agriculture that was blamed for contributing for global food price volatility. In their push for tighter regulation, US domestic groups were able to boost their influence by allying with other domestic actors concerned about volatile energy prices and by linking their cause to the broader politics of financial reform in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. This episode has important lessons for the literatures analyzing the IPE of both food and finance.

}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09692290.2010.514528$\#$.UZaBLspJSUk}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Eric Helleiner} } @webarticle {7000, title = {Undernutrition and Overnutrition: Who is Feeding Whom?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2012}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/undernutrition-and-overnutrition/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {89, title = {Who Governs Global Food Prices}, booktitle = {Critical Perspectives in Food Studies}, year = {2012}, pages = {276-289}, publisher = {Oxford University Press Canada}, organization = {Oxford University Press Canada}, address = {Toronto}, url = {http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195446418.do$\#$.UZutd5xJSUk}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {M Koc and J Sumner and T Winson} } @book {31833, title = {Agriculture and Human Values}, series = {Introduction to symposium on private agrifood governance: Values, shortcomings and strategies}, year = {2011}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79961007039\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Fuchs, D. and Kalfagianni, A. and Clapp, J. and Busch, L.} } @report {6924, title = {The Commodity Traders: A Scoping Paper for Oxfam GB}, year = {2011}, pages = {20 pages}, institution = {Oxfam Great Britain}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sophia Murphy and David Burch} } @webarticle {7002, title = {Efforts on Food Price Volatility Hobbled: The G20 and the CFS}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2011}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/efforts-on-food-price-volatility-hobbled-the-g20-and-the-cfs/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6875, title = {Environment and Global Political Economy}, booktitle = {Global Environmental Politics: Concepts, Theories and Case Studies}, year = {2011}, pages = {42-55}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Global-Environmental-Politics-Concepts-Theories-and-Case-Studies/Kutting/p/book/9780415777940}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Gabriela K{\"u}tting} } @webarticle {7008, title = {The Food Aid Convention: Feeding People or Balancing Budgets?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2011}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/the-food-aid-convention-feeding-people-or-balancing-budgets/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {7004, title = {Food Aid Talks: What\’s on the Table?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2011}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/food-aid-talks-whats-on-the-table/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {7009, title = {Food Aid Talks: What\’s on the Table}, journal = {Toronto Star}, year = {2011}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {7007, title = {Food Price Volatility: What Was and Wasn\’t Said in the Leaked Report to the G-20}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2011}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/food-price-volatility-leaked-report/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {7005, title = {The G20 Agricultural Action Plan: Changing the Course of Capitalism?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2011}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/g20-agricultural-action-plan/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Sarah Martin} } @inbook {6926, title = {G20 Must Take Broader Economic Approach to Food Security}, booktitle = {The G20 Agenda and Process: Analysis and Insight by CIGI Experts}, year = {2011}, pages = {26-27}, publisher = {CIGI}, organization = {CIGI}, address = {À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ, ON}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/publications/g20-agenda-and-process-analysis-and-insight-cigi-experts}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Max Brem} } @webarticle {7006, title = {How to Add Value to the G20 Agriculture Ministers\’ Meeting}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2011}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/g20-ministers-meeting/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6818, title = {Introduction to Symposium on Private Agrifood Governance: Values, Shortcomings and Strategies}, journal = {Agriculture and Human Values}, volume = {28}, year = {2011}, pages = {335-344}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-011-9310-5}, author = {Doris Fuchs and Agni Kalfagianni and Jennifer Clapp and Lawrence Busch} } @webarticle {7003, title = {Keeping Those Food and Agriculture Assistance Promises}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2011}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/keeping-those-food-and-agriculture-assistance-promises/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @report {6925, title = {A New Food Assistance Convention Imminent}, year = {2011}, pages = {77-78}, institution = {FAO. FAO Food Outlook: Global Market Analysis}, address = {Rome}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and C. Stuart Clark} } @book {5848, title = {Paths to a Green World: The Political Economy of the Global Environment}, year = {2011}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, edition = {2}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

This comprehensive and accessible book fills the need for a political economy view of global environmental politics, focusing on the ways international economic processes affect environmental outcomes. It examines the main actors and forces shaping global environmental management, particularly in the developing world. Moving beyond the usual emphasis on international agreements and institutions, it strives to capture not only academic theoretical debates but also views on politics, economics, and the environment within the halls of global conferences, on the streets during antiglobalization protests, and in the boardrooms of international agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and industry associations. The book maps out an original typology of four contrasting worldviews of environmental change{\textemdash}those of market liberals, institutionalists, bioenvironmentalists, and social greens{\textemdash}and uses them as a framework to examine the links between the global political economy and ecological change. This typology provides a common language for students, instructors, and scholars to discuss the issues across the classical social science divisions.The second edition of this popular text has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect recent events, including the food crisis of 2007-2008, the financial meltdown of 2008, and the Copenhagen Climate Conference of 2009. Topics covered include the environmental implications of globalization; wealth, poverty, and consumption; global trade; transnational corporations; and multilateral and private finance.

}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/paths-green-world}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Dauvergne} } @magazinearticle {6906, title = {Renegotiating the Food Aid Convention: What is on the Table?}, journal = {Policy Options}, year = {2011}, pages = {27-32}, url = {http://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/agri-food-policy/renegotiating-the-food-aid-convention-what-is-on-the-table/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {7010, title = {Taking Action to Ensure Food Security: The Responsibilities of G20 Leaders}, journal = {Centre for International Governance Innovation}, year = {2011}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/publications/taking-action-ensure-food-security-responsibilities-g20-leaders}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6873, title = {Toxic Exports: Despite Global Treaty, Hazardous Waste Trade Continues}, booktitle = {Deviant Globalization: Black Market Economy in the 21st Century}, year = {2011}, pages = {166-179}, publisher = {Continuum}, organization = {Continuum}, address = {London}, url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/deviant-globalization-9781441178107/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Nils Gilman and Jesse Goldhammer and Steven Weber} } @report {6923, title = {The WFP\’s Role in Ending Long-term Hunger: A Strategic Evaluation}, year = {2011}, pages = {100 pages}, institution = {World Food Programme. Report number: OE/2011/007}, url = {http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/reports/wfp243610.pdf?_ga=2.205737306.874923202.1504125462-293927700.1504125462}, author = {Bruce Currey and Jacqueline Frize and Bronek Szynalski and Jennifer Clapp and Everett Ressler and Rebecca Waugh} } @webarticle {7001, title = {What Happened to the WTO\’s Original Food Security Agenda?}, journal = {Triple Crisis: Global Perspectives on Finance, Development and Environment}, year = {2011}, url = {http://triplecrisis.com/what-happened-to-the-wtos-original-food-security-agenda/}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {31834, title = {Global Environmental Politics: Concepts, Theories and Case Studies}, series = {Environment and global political economy}, year = {2010}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84911126027\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31835, title = {Global Governance, Poverty and Inequality}, series = {Global governance, poverty and inequality}, year = {2010}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84917370403\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Wilkinson, R. and Clapp, J.} } @book {31836, title = {Global Governance, Poverty and Inequality}, series = {Introduction: Governing global poverty and inequality}, year = {2010}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84917376899\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Wilkinson, R. and Clapp, J.} } @inbook {6874, title = {Governing Global Poverty and Inequality}, booktitle = {Global Governance, Poverty and Inequality}, year = {2010}, pages = {1-23}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Global-Governance-Poverty-and-Inequality/Wilkinson-Clapp/p/book/9780415780490}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Rorden Wilkinson}, editor = {Rorden Wilkinson and Jennifer Clapp} } @report {6928, title = {Improving the Governance of the Food Aid Convention: Which Way Forward?}, year = {2010}, pages = {12 pages}, institution = {CIGI Policy Brief $\#$20. September}, address = {À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ, ON}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and C. Stuart Clark} } @inbook {6876, title = {Responding to the Food Crisis: The Untying of Canadian Food Aid}, booktitle = {Canada Among Nations, 2009-2010: As Others See Us}, year = {2010}, pages = {360-367}, publisher = {McGill-Queens University Press}, organization = {McGill-Queens University Press}, address = {Kingston}, url = {http://www.mqup.ca/canada-among-nations--2009-2010-products-9780773536289.php?page_id=73\&}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Fen Osler Hampson and Paul Heinbecker} } @report {6927, title = {The Untying of Canadian Food Aid}, year = {2010}, pages = {30 pages}, institution = {Canadian International Development Agency}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6879, title = {Agrifood Corporations, Global Governance, and Sustainability: A Framework for Analysis}, booktitle = {Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance}, year = {2009}, pages = {1-25}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

In today{\textquoteright}s globally integrated food system, events in one part of the world can have multiple and wide-ranging effects, as has been shown by the recent and rapid global rise in food prices. Transnational corporations (TNCs) have been central to the development of this global food system, dominating production, international trade, processing, distribution, and retail sectors. Moreover, these global corporations play a key role in the establishment of rules and regulations by which they themselves are governed. This book examines how TNCs exercise power over global food and agriculture governance and what the consequences are for the sustainability of the global food system. The book defines three aspects of this corporate power: instrumental power, or direct influence; structural power, or the broader influence corporations have over setting agendas and rules; and discursive, or communicative and persuasive, power. The book begins by examining the nature of corporate power in cases ranging from {\textquotedblleft}green{\textquotedblright} food certification in Southeast Asia and corporate influence on U.S. food aid policy to governance in the seed industry and international food safety standards. Chapters examine such issues as promotion of corporate-defined {\textquotedblleft}environmental sustainability{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}food security,{\textquotedblright} biotechnology firms and intellectual property rights, and consumer resistance to GMOs and other cases of contestation in agrobiology. In a final chapter, the editors raise the crucial question of how to achieve participation, transparency, and accountability in food governance.

}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/corporate-power-global-agrifood-governance}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Doris Fuchs}, editor = {Doris Fuchs and Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6907, title = {Basel Convention}, booktitle = {Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy}, year = {2009}, pages = {124-126}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, organization = {Princeton University Press}, abstract = {

Increasing economic globalization has made understanding the world economy more important than ever. From trade agreements to offshore outsourcing to foreign aid, this two-volume encyclopedia explains the key elements of the world economy and provides a first step to further research for students and scholars in public policy, international studies, business, and the broader social sciences, as well as for economic policy professionals.

Written by an international team of contributors, this comprehensive reference includes more than 300 up-to-date entries covering a wide range of topics in international trade, finance, production, and economic development. These topics include concepts and principles, models and theory, institutions and agreements, policies and instruments, analysis and tools, and sectors and special issues. Each entry includes cross-references and a list of sources for further reading and research. Complete with an index and a table of contents that groups entries by topic, The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy is an essential resource for anyone who needs to better understand the global economy.

\ 

}, url = {http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8736.html}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Kenneth A. Reinert and Ramkishen S. Rajan} } @inbook {6882, title = {City Governments Should Ban Plastic Bags}, booktitle = {Garbage and Recycling}, year = {2009}, pages = {119-124}, publisher = {Greenhaven Press}, organization = {Greenhaven Press}, address = {Farmington Hills, MI}, url = {https://www.bookdepository.com/Garbage-Recycling/9780737743371}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Lauri S. Friedman} } @inbook {6880, title = {Corporate Interests in US Food Aid Policy: Global Implications of Resistance to Reform}, booktitle = {Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance}, year = {2009}, pages = {125-152}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

In today{\textquoteright}s globally integrated food system, events in one part of the world can have multiple and wide-ranging effects, as has been shown by the recent and rapid global rise in food prices. Transnational corporations (TNCs) have been central to the development of this global food system, dominating production, international trade, processing, distribution, and retail sectors. Moreover, these global corporations play a key role in the establishment of rules and regulations by which they themselves are governed. This book examines how TNCs exercise power over global food and agriculture governance and what the consequences are for the sustainability of the global food system. The book defines three aspects of this corporate power: instrumental power, or direct influence; structural power, or the broader influence corporations have over setting agendas and rules; and discursive, or communicative and persuasive, power. The book begins by examining the nature of corporate power in cases ranging from {\textquotedblleft}green{\textquotedblright} food certification in Southeast Asia and corporate influence on U.S. food aid policy to governance in the seed industry and international food safety standards. Chapters examine such issues as promotion of corporate-defined {\textquotedblleft}environmental sustainability{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}food security,{\textquotedblright} biotechnology firms and intellectual property rights, and consumer resistance to GMOs and other cases of contestation in agrobiology. In a final chapter, the editors raise the crucial question of how to achieve participation, transparency, and accountability in food governance.

}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/corporate-power-global-agrifood-governance}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Jennifer Clapp and Doris Fuchs} } @inbook {6881, title = {Corporate Power and Global Food Governance: Lessons Learned}, booktitle = {Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance}, year = {2009}, pages = {285-296}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

In today{\textquoteright}s globally integrated food system, events in one part of the world can have multiple and wide-ranging effects, as has been shown by the recent and rapid global rise in food prices. Transnational corporations (TNCs) have been central to the development of this global food system, dominating production, international trade, processing, distribution, and retail sectors. Moreover, these global corporations play a key role in the establishment of rules and regulations by which they themselves are governed. This book examines how TNCs exercise power over global food and agriculture governance and what the consequences are for the sustainability of the global food system. The book defines three aspects of this corporate power: instrumental power, or direct influence; structural power, or the broader influence corporations have over setting agendas and rules; and discursive, or communicative and persuasive, power. The book begins by examining the nature of corporate power in cases ranging from {\textquotedblleft}green{\textquotedblright} food certification in Southeast Asia and corporate influence on U.S. food aid policy to governance in the seed industry and international food safety standards. Chapters examine such issues as promotion of corporate-defined {\textquotedblleft}environmental sustainability{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}food security,{\textquotedblright} biotechnology firms and intellectual property rights, and consumer resistance to GMOs and other cases of contestation in agrobiology. In a final chapter, the editors raise the crucial question of how to achieve participation, transparency, and accountability in food governance.

}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/corporate-power-global-agrifood-governance}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Doris Fuchs}, editor = {Jennifer Clapp and Doris Fuchs} } @book {34902, title = {Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance}, year = {2009}, pages = {328}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, abstract = {

Clapp, Jennifer and Doris Fuchs (eds). 2009. Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).

\ 

In today{\textquoteright}s globally integrated food system, events in one part of the world can have multiple and wide-ranging effects, as has been shown by the recent and rapid global rise in food prices. Transnational corporations (TNCs) have been central to the development of this global food system, dominating production, international trade, processing, distribution, and retail sectors. Moreover, these global corporations play a key role in the establishment of rules and regulations by which they themselves are governed. This book examines how TNCs exercise power over global food and agriculture governance and what the consequences are for the sustainability of the global food system. The book defines three aspects of this corporate power: instrumental power, or direct influence; structural power, or the broader influence corporations have over setting agendas and rules; and discursive, or communicative and persuasive, power. The book begins by examining the nature of corporate power in cases ranging from {\textquotedblleft}green{\textquotedblright} food certification in Southeast Asia and corporate influence on U.S. food aid policy to governance in the seed industry and international food safety standards. Chapters examine such issues as promotion of corporate-defined {\textquotedblleft}environmental sustainability{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}food security,{\textquotedblright} biotechnology firms and intellectual property rights, and consumer resistance to GMOs and other cases of contestation in agrobiology. In a final chapter, the editors raise the crucial question of how to achieve participation, transparency, and accountability in food governance.

Contributors
Maarten Arentsen, Jennifer Clapp, Robert Falkner, Doris Fuchs, Agni Kalfagianni, Peter Newell, Steffanie Scott, Susan Sell, Elizabeth Smythe, Peter Vandergeest, Marc Williams, Mary Young

}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262512374/corporate-power-in-global-agrifood-governance/}, editor = {Clapp, Jennifer and Fuchs, Doris} } @article {6822, title = {Doing Away with Plastic Shopping Bags: International Patterns of Norm Emergence and Policy Implementation}, journal = {Environmental Politics}, volume = {18}, year = {2009}, pages = {2009}, abstract = {

The rapid and widespread emergence of an anti-plastic shopping bag norm and associated regulatory policies around the world in recent years forces a rethinking of current understandings of norm dynamics and policy implementation. The patterns of this movement are explored and characterised as a South to North, non-networked and multi-scalar series of events that together represent a globally significant emergence of a new environmental norm. It also shows that differences in policy outcomes as a response to this norm in different countries and at different jurisdictional levels are in many ways linked to the influence of material interests in the interpretation of the norm into policy. These variations in domestic norm interpretation in turn influence international norm dynamics.

}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644010902823717}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Linda Swanston} } @book {31837, title = {Environmental Politics}, series = {Doing away with plastic shopping bags: International patterns of norm emergence and policy implementation}, year = {2009}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70449413831\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Swanston, L.} } @report {6929, title = {Environmental Sustainability and the Financial Crisis: Linkages and Policy Recommendations}, year = {2009}, pages = {40 pages}, institution = {CIGI Working Group on Environment and Resources Briefing Booklet}, address = {À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ, ON}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/environmental_sustainability_and_the_financial_crisis_0.pdf}, editor = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6930, title = {The Financial Crisis and Food Security}, booktitle = {Environmental Sustainability and the Financial Crisis: Linkages and Policy Recommendations}, year = {2009}, pages = {24-26}, publisher = {CIGI Working Group on Environment and Resources Briefing Booklet}, organization = {CIGI Working Group on Environment and Resources Briefing Booklet}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/environmental_sustainability_and_the_financial_crisis_0.pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {7011, title = {The Food Crisis}, journal = {À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ Region Record}, year = {2009}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6877, title = {The Food Crisis and Global Governance}, booktitle = {The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenges and Opportunities}, year = {2009}, pages = {3-12}, publisher = {WLU Press}, organization = {WLU Press}, address = {À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ}, abstract = {

The global food crisis is a stark reminder of the fragility of the global food system. The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenges and Opportunities captures the debate about how to go forward and examines the implications of the crisis for food security in the world{\textquoteright}s poorest countries, both for the global environment and for the global rules and institutions that govern food and agriculture.

In this volume, policy-makers and scholars assess the causes and consequences of the most recent food price volatility and examine the associated governance challenges and opportunities, including short-term emergency responses, the ecological dimensions of the crisis, and the longer-term goal of building sustainable global food systems. The recommendations include vastly increasing public investment in small-farm agriculture; reforming global food aid and food research institutions; establishing fairer international agricultural trade rules; promoting sustainable agricultural methods; placing agriculture higher on the post-Kyoto climate change agenda; revamping biofuel policies; and enhancing international agricultural policy-making.

}, url = {https://www.wlupress.wlu.ca/Books/T/The-Global-Food-Crisis}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Marc J. Cohen}, editor = {Jennifer Clapp and Marc J. Cohen} } @article {6820, title = {Food Price Volatility and Vulnerability in the Global South: Considering the Global Economic Context}, journal = {Third World Quarterly}, volume = {30}, year = {2009}, pages = {1183-1196}, abstract = {

Most official analyses of the recent food price crisis have focused on the market fundamentals of supply and demand for food as key explanatory factors. As a result, most of the policy recommendations emanating from the major international institutions include measures to boost supply and temper demand. In this paper I argue that international macroeconomic factors played a key role in fostering both price volatility and vulnerability, and as such they need to be recognised. With respect to the recent price volatility, the weak US dollar and speculation on agricultural commodities futures markets greatly influenced agricultural prices. With respect to price vulnerability, global economic forces played an important role in dampening production incentives in the world{\textquoteright}s poorest countries over the past 30 years, leading to a situation of food import dependence. Policy responses to the food crisis must consider the role of these broader international macroeconomic forces{\textemdash}both in the immediate context and their longer term impact.

}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436590903037481}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @webarticle {7012, title = {The G8 and the Global Food Security Crisis}, journal = {Centre for International Governance Innovation}, year = {2009}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/publications/g8s-global-food-security-initiative}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6821, title = {The Global Food Crisis and International Agricultural Policy: Which Way Forward}, journal = {Global Governance}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, pages = {299-312}, url = {http://journals.rienner.com/doi/abs/10.5555/ggov.2009.15.2.299?code=lrpi-site}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {31840, title = {The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenges and Opportunities}, series = {The food crisis and global governance}, year = {2009}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953814346\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Cohen, M.J.} } @book {31842, title = {The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenges and Opportunities}, series = {The global food crisis: Governance challenges and opportunities}, year = {2009}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894726818\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31839, title = {The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenges and Opportunities}, series = {Responding to food price volatility and vulnerability: Considering the global economic context}, year = {2009}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80053193003\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31841, title = {Global Governance}, series = {The global food crisis and international agricultural policy: Which way forward?}, year = {2009}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-68749119482\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @report {6931, title = {Reframing Global Environmental Governance: Results of a CIGI/CIS Collaboration}, year = {2009}, institution = {CIGI Working Paper $\#$45}, address = {À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ, ON}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/publications/reframing-global-environmental-governance-results-cigicis-collaboration}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Steven Bernstein and Matthew J. Hoffman} } @book {31838, title = {Third World Quarterly}, series = {Food price volatility and vulnerability in the global South: Considering the global economic context}, year = {2009}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70449470276\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @inbook {6884, title = {Corporate Accountability in the Agro-Food Sector: The Case of Illegal GMO Releases}, booktitle = {Corporate Accountability and Sustainable Development}, year = {2008}, pages = {127-152}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Delhi and Oxford}, url = {http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/D4BA2124DBF562F9C12579300054411B}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Utting} } @inbook {6883, title = {Corporate Responsibility, Accountability and Law: An Introduction}, booktitle = {Corporate Accountability and Sustainable Development}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-33}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Delhi and Oxford}, url = {http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/D4BA2124DBF562F9C12579300054411B}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Utting}, editor = {Peter Utting and Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31846, title = {Ecological Economics}, journal = {Illegal GMO releases and corporate responsibility: Questioning the effectiveness of voluntary measures}, year = {2008}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44449152976\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31843, title = {Food, Culture and Society}, series = {A global outlook on food studies}, year = {2008}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55349089545\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31844, title = {Global Environmental Politics}, journal = {Editors{\textquoteright} note}, year = {2008}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-39049112778\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J. and Paterson, M.} } @inbook {6878, title = {Global Mechanisms for Greening TNCs: Inching Towards Corporate Accountability?}, booktitle = {Handbook on Trade and the Environment}, year = {2008}, pages = {159-170}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, organization = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, abstract = {

In this comprehensive reference work, Kevin Gallagher has compiled a fresh and broad-ranging collection of expert voices commenting on the interdisciplinary field of trade and the environment. For over two decades policymakers and scholars have been struggling to understand the relationship between international trade in a globalizing world and its effects on the natural environment. The authors in this Handbook provide the tools to do just that.

}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/handbook-on-trade-and-the-environment?___website=uk_warehouse}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Kevin P. Gallagher} } @article {6823, title = {A Global Outlook on Food Studies}, journal = {Food, Culture and Society}, volume = {11}, year = {2008}, pages = {281-286}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175174408X347865}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31845, title = {Handbook on Trade and the Environment}, journal = {Global mechanisms for greening TNCs: Inching towards corporate accountability?}, year = {2008}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863408454\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {6824, title = {Illegal GMO Releases and Corporate Responsibility: Questioning the Effectiveness of Voluntary Measures}, journal = {Ecological Economics}, volume = {66}, year = {2008}, pages = {348-358}, abstract = {

Recent years have seen a number of cases of {\textquoteleft}accidental{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}unintentional{\textquoteright} releases of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that were not approved for human consumption or in some cases even for commercial planting. The environmental, economic, and social implications of the release of unapproved varieties of GMOs are potentially significant. The agricultural input industry has recently embraced Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting and some of its major players are participants in the UN{\textquoteright}s Global Compact. While CSR and the Global Compact encourage internalization of environmental costs and application of the precautionary principle amongst firms, in the case of illegal GMO releases these measures have proven extremely weak. In the case of illegal GMO releases, external, state-based regulation which places liability squarely on firms is likely to be much more successful as a means to prevent future occurrences of this problem.

}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907004843}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {7013, title = {Stepping Up to the Plate}, journal = {Globe and Mail}, year = {2008}, url = {https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/stepping-up-to-the-plate/article1054675/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com\&}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {7014, title = {The Time has Come to Kill All the Plastic Bags}, journal = {Globe and Mail}, year = {2008}, url = {https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-time-has-come-to-kill-all-the-plastic-bags/article1051668/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com\&}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {7016, title = {Cash Donations Best Way to Help World\’s Hungry}, journal = {The Kitchener-À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ Record}, volume = {Editorial}, year = {2007}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @magazinearticle {6908, title = {The (New) Politics of Food Aid}, journal = {Queen{\textquoteright}s International Observer}, year = {2007}, pages = {7-11}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {7015, title = {Packaging Industry Needs a New Mould}, journal = {The Kitchener-À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ Record}, volume = {Editorial}, year = {2007}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6887, title = {The Political Economy of Food Aid in an Era of Agricultural Biotechnology}, booktitle = {The International Politics of Genetically Modified Food: Diplomacy, Trade and Law}, year = {2007}, pages = {85-99}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Genetically modified food is at the heart of a new global conflict over how to govern risky technologies in an era of globalization. This timely collection brings together experts from the fields of IR, environmental studies, trade and law to examine the sources of international friction and to explore the prospects for international co-operation.

}, url = {http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780230001251}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Rober Falkner} } @inbook {6886, title = {Transnational Corporate Interests in International Biosafety Negotiations}, booktitle = {The International Politics of Genetically Modified Food: Diplomacy, Trade and Law}, year = {2007}, pages = {34-47}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Genetically modified food is at the heart of a new global conflict over how to govern risky technologies in an era of globalization. This timely collection brings together experts from the fields of IR, environmental studies, trade and law to examine the sources of international friction and to explore the prospects for international co-operation.

}, url = {http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780230001251}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Robert Falkner} } @book {31847, title = {The WTO after Hong Kong: Progress in, and Prospects for, the Doha Development Agenda}, series = {WTO agriculture negotiations and the global South}, year = {2007}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950548390\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @inbook {6885, title = {WTO Agriculture Negotiations and the Global South}, booktitle = {The WTO after Hong Kong: Progess in, and prospects for, the Doha Development Agenda}, year = {2007}, pages = {37-55}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, abstract = {

After the World Trade Organization{\textquoteright}s (WTO) critical December 2005 Hong Kong ministerial meeting, negotiations to implement the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) broke down completely in the summer of 2006. This book offers a detailed and critical evaluation of how and why the negotiations arrived at this point and what the future holds for the WTO.

It brings together leading scholars in the field of trade from across the social sciences who address the key issues at stake, the principal players in the negotiations, the role of fairness and legitimacy in the Doha Round, and the prospects for the DDA{\textquoteright}s conclusion.

The WTO after Hong Kong is the most comprehensive account of the current state of the World Trade Organization and will be of enormous interest to students of trade politics, international organizations, development and international political economy.

}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/The-WTO-after-Hong-Kong-Progress-in-and-Prospects-for-the-Doha-Development/Lee-Wilkinson/p/book/9780415432023}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Donna Lee and Rorden Wilkinson} } @article {6828, title = {Demystifying Doha: Making Sense of the WTO Agricultural Trade Talks}, journal = {Harvard International Review}, volume = {September}, year = {2006}, url = {http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=1458}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @report {6932, title = {Developing Countries and the WTO Agriculture Negotiations}, year = {2006}, pages = {40 pages}, institution = {CIGI Working Paper No.6}, address = {À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ, ON}, url = {https://www.cigionline.org/publications/developing-countries-and-wto-agriculture-negotiations}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @newspaperarticle {7017, title = {Developing Countries Must be Heard at Trade Talks}, journal = {The Kitchener-À¶Ý®ÊÓƵ Record}, volume = {Editorial}, year = {2006}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6890, title = {International Political Economy and the Environment}, booktitle = {International Environmental Politics}, year = {2006}, pages = {142-171}, publisher = {Palgrave}, organization = {Palgrave}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Palgrave Advances in International Environmental Politics provides a state of the art review of the major theoretical approaches and substantive debates of the field. The first section reviews the historical development of international environmental politics as well as the theoretical and methodological approaches used in its study. The following chapters each review the trajectory of a key research area within international environmental politics and elaborate on current approaches and debates. Case studies in each chapter illuminate the main theoretical questions that emerge from the review.

\ 
}, url = {http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781403921062}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Michele M. Betsill and Kathryn Hochstetler and Dimitris Stevis} } @book {31849, title = {The International Politics of Genetically Modified Food: Diplomacy, Trade and Law}, series = {Transnational corporate interests in international biosafety negotiations}, year = {2006}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85016383196\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31848, title = {The International Politics of Genetically Modified Food: Diplomacy, Trade and Law}, series = {The political economy of food aid in an era of agricultural biotechnology}, year = {2006}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85016379110\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31850, title = {Journal of Environment and Development}, series = {Unplanned exposure to genetically modified organisms: Divergent responses in the Global South}, year = {2006}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-32944482811\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @inbook {6910, title = {Pollution Havens}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Globalization}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, address = {London}, abstract = {

The Encyclopedia of Globalization provides a thorough understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of globalization as well as the various historical and analytical interpretations. Consisting of over 400 entries, coverage includes key cultural, ecological, economic, geographical, historical, political, psychological and social aspects of globalization.

Entries in the Encyclopedia vary in length from 500 to 3500 words, depending on the scope of the topic and its relative prominence in studies and politics of globalization. All entries provide bibliographical references for further reading and research.

From the advances in nanotechnology to the controversies surrounding humanitarian intervention, the Encyclopedia of Globalization is a key inter-disciplinary resource to all aspects of globalization. Compiled by a cross-disciplinary editorial team of leading academics on the subject this essential reference work will appeal to students, scholars, researchers, and the general reader interested in the many facets of globalization.

}, url = {https://www.routledge.com/Encyclopedia-of-Globalization/Robertson-Scholte/p/book/9780415973144}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Roland Robertson and Jan Aart Scholte} } @book {31851, title = {Third World Quarterly}, series = {WTO agriculture negotiations: Implications for the Global South}, year = {2006}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744945289\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {6826, title = {Unplanned Exposure to Genetically Modified Organisms: Divergent Responses in the Global South}, journal = {The Journal of Environment and Development}, volume = {15}, year = {2006}, pages = {3-21}, abstract = {

This article examines the divergent political responses to unplanned exposure to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the Global South. Although scientific and domestic political considerations have some relevance to explaining different positions among developing countries, trade considerations appear to be a principal driver of GMO policy. This consideration is strikingly clear when we compare the different responses to unplanned GMO imports in Mexico/Central America with that in Africa. When trade and environment interests converge, as was the case in Africa, the strong policy stance, in this case against the import of GMOs, was clear and swift. In the cases of Mexico and Central America, the trade and environment interests did not overlap, and this has resulted in a weak government response and incremental policy shifts, in this case toward a pro-GMO stance.

}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1070496505285443}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6825, title = {WTO Agriculture Negotiations: Implications for the Global South}, journal = {Third World Quarterly}, volume = {27}, year = {2006}, pages = {563-577}, abstract = {

The Doha {\textquoteright}Development{\textquoteright} Round of trade negotiations at the WTO
\ has featured agricultural trade liberalisation as one of its key aims. But
\ developing countries were frustrated with both the process and the content of the
\ agricultural agreement negotiations early on in the round. This prompted these
\ countries, through a number of developing country groupings such as the G-20
\ and others, to call for changes in the talks to ensure that developing country
\ voices and concerns were heard. Although developing countries were in many
\ ways successful in registering their concerns in the latter half of the
\ negotiations, and have maintained a fairly high degree of cohesion across the
\ Global South, it remains unclear whether this cohesion will last as the uneven
\ impacts of agricultural trade liberalisation become apparent.

}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017724}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6831, title = {Global Environmental Governance for Corporate Responsibility and Accountability}, journal = {Global Environmental Politics}, volume = {5}, year = {2005}, pages = {23-34}, abstract = {

Recent years have seen a growing movement toward externally imposed regulations directed specifically at improving TNCs{\textquoteright} environmental and social performance. This movement draws on a long history, and its most recent incarnation is largely a reaction to disappointment on the part of many with the results of private voluntary initiatives among global firms. A number of international level initiatives have emerged, including the UN{\textquoteright}s Global Compact and the inclusion of an environment chapter in the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Because these efforts, while externally driven, are voluntary on the part of firms, there have been growing calls for a binding international treaty on corporate accountability. Industry has been extremely resistant to this idea. Many see such a treaty as vital for developing countries, as it could bolster their ability and willingness to monitor and enforce environmental regulations. This is especially important in the Global South, as these countries have seen the bulk of the negative environmental impacts of TNCs in recent decades.

}, url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/1526380054794916}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {31852, title = {Global Governance}, series = {The political economy of food aid in an era of agricultural biotechnology}, year = {2005}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29544432805\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {31853, title = {Handbook of Global Environmental Politics}, series = {Transnational corporations and global environmental governance}, year = {2005}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84881820025\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @book {5849, title = {Paths to a Green World: The Political Economy of the Global Environment}, year = {2005}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Dauvergne} } @article {6829, title = {The Political Economy of Food Aid in an Era of Agricultural Biotechnology}, journal = {Global Governance}, volume = {11}, year = {2005}, pages = {467-485}, abstract = {

Recent years have seen numerous rejections of food aid containing\  genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The United States, as the principal donor of this aid, went on the defensive and blamed the European Union for hunger in developing countries. Rarely is food aid rejected. And rarely do food aid donors act so strongly to blame other donors. The reaction of both donors and recipients is also puzzling because it contradicts much of the literature from the 1990s that argued that the international food aid regime had become largely "depoliticized" following reforms to food aid policies in the 1980s. The current literature on food aid has not adequately addressed the ways in which the advent of GMOs has affected the food aid regime. I argue that scientific debates over the safety of GMOs, and economic factors tied to the market for genetically modified crops-both highly political issues-are extremely relevant to current debates on food aid

\ 

}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/27800586?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6888, title = {Responses to Environmental Threats in an Age of Globalization}, booktitle = {Managing Leviathan: Environmental Politics and the Administrative State}, year = {2005}, pages = {271-288}, publisher = {Broadview Press}, organization = {Broadview Press}, edition = {2nd Edition}, address = {Peterborough, ON}, abstract = {

Bureaucracies, including large corporations and governmental agencies, are based on hierarchy and prone to secrecy. They encourage highly specialized forms of knowledge and structure themselves in compartmentalized ways. In stark contrast, environmental problems cut across all artificial divisions and boundaries.

Managing Leviathan illustrates the nature of environmental problems from genetically modified crops to climate change, from urban sprawl to toxic chemicals to trace pharmaceuticals in our water supply. Understanding these problems, and how they might be resolved, requires that we transcend the divisions of government, economy, and knowledge. Solutions often also require the mobilization of citizen knowledge and values. Are governments and bureaucracies up to the complex task? How might they adapt to be better suited to meet the new environmental challenges that continuously arise?

This extensively revised edition of Managing Leviathan expands from a North American to a global perspective and includes new articles on both European and Australian experiences as well as on transnational environmental issues. The overall pattern is remarkably clear: environmental administration demands integrative thinking and new forms of direct public involvement in governance.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books?id=OYSuAAAAIAAJ\&source=gbs_book_other_versions}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Robert Paehlke and Douglas Torgerson} } @inbook {6889, title = {Transnational Corporations and Global Environmental Governance}, booktitle = {Handbook of Global Environmental Politics}, year = {2005}, pages = {284-297}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, organization = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, abstract = {

The first Handbook of original articles by leading scholars of global environmental politics, this landmark volume maps the latest theoretical and empirical research in this young and growing field. Captured here are the dynamic and energetic debates over concerns for the health of the planet and how they might best be addressed.

The introductory chapters explore the intellectual trends and evolving parameters in the field of global environmental politics. They make a case for an expansive definition of the field, one that embraces an interdisciplinary literature on the connections between global politics and environmental change. The remaining chapters are divided into three broad themes {\textendash} states, governance and security; capitalism, trade and corporations; and knowledge, civil societies and ethics {\textendash} with each section providing a cohesive discussion of current issues. In-depth explorations are given to topics such as: global commons, renewable energy, the effectiveness of environmental cooperation, regulations and corporate standards, trade liberalization and global environmental governance, and science and environmental citizenship.

A comprehensive survey of the latest research, the Handbook is a necessary reference for scholars, students and policymakers in the field of global environmental politics.

}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/handbook-of-global-environmental-politics?___website=uk_warehouse}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Peter Dauvergne} } @inbook {6891, title = {The Privatization of Global Environmental Governance: ISO 14000 and the Developing World}, booktitle = {The Business of Global Environmental Governance}, year = {2004}, pages = {223-248}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

The Business of Global Environmental Governance takes a political economy approach to understanding the role of business in global environmental politics. The book{\textquoteright}s contributors{\textemdash}from a range of disciplines including international political economy, management, and political science{\textemdash}view the evolution of international environmental governance as a dynamic interplay of economic structures, business strategies, and political processes. By providing comparative insights to the responses of business to major international environmental issues, the book illuminates the ways business activity shapes and is shaped by global environmental policies. It moves beyond the usual emphasis on state actors and formal regimes, instead focusing on empirical and theoretical contributions that examine the reciprocal relationship between corporate strategy and international environmental governance.

After developing a theoretical framework for understanding the role of business in environmental governance, the book provides empirical studies of business strategies across a range of cases, from formal regimes to combat climate change and ozone depletion to more informal and private regimes for tropical logging and the ISO 14000 environmental management standards. These case studies demonstrate the key roles of business, markets, and private actors in shaping international environmental institutions and constructing new forms of governance.

}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/business-global-environmental-governance}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {David Levy and Peter Newell} } @article {31854, title = {Third World Quarterly}, journal = {WTO agricultural trade battles and food aid}, year = {2004}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29544447690\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {6832, title = {WTO Agricultural Trade Battles and Food Aid}, journal = {Third World Quarterly}, volume = {25}, year = {2004}, pages = {1439-1452}, abstract = {

Recent agricultural trade battles at the WTO between the US and the EU have important implications for the Global South, in particular with respect to food aid. The current Doha round of trade talks hinges closely on agreement in the area of agriculture, and a key issue of disagreement between the US and the EU is the question of whether the WTO should impose disciplineson food aid and agricultural export credits. The US has also challenged the EUat the WTO over trade in genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The outcome of this dispute will affect food aid, as many countries have ent yearrejected GM food aid from the US on the grounds that it would harm their export markets in Europe. Decisions on both of these battles should be forthcoming within the next year or two, and the outcomes will affect food aid policies.

}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993795?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6894, title = {Environment, Development and Security in Southeast Asia: Exploring the Linkages}, booktitle = {Development and Security in Southeast Asia {\textendash} Volume 1: The Environment}, year = {2003}, pages = {19-30}, publisher = {Ashgate}, organization = {Ashgate}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Challenging the conventional wisdom about the beneficial results of economically induced change, this first volume suggests that too often the mismanagement of development jeopardises the security of individuals, families, communities, and possibly the state, by harming the very environment which is required to sustain both people and their economic existence. Bringing together an international group of scholars from a variety of disciplines, this volume is relevant for all those interested in Southeast Asia.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books/about/Development_and_Security_in_Southeast_As.html?id=YsGajqMs8foC\&redir_esc=y}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Dauvergne}, editor = {David B. Dewitt and Carolina G. Hernandez} } @article {31855, title = {Environmental Politics}, journal = {Transnational corporate interests and global environmental governance: Negotiating rules for agricultural biotechnology and chemicals}, year = {2003}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346120003\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @inbook {6893, title = {Hazardous Waste and Human Security in Southeast Asia: Local - Global Linkages and Responses}, booktitle = {Development and Security in Southeast Asia {\textendash} Volume 1: The Environment}, year = {2003}, pages = {33-60}, publisher = {Ashgate}, organization = {Ashgate}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Challenging the conventional wisdom about the beneficial results of economically induced change, this first volume suggests that too often the mismanagement of development jeopardises the security of individuals, families, communities, and possibly the state, by harming the very environment which is required to sustain both people and their economic existence. Bringing together an international group of scholars from a variety of disciplines, this volume is relevant for all those interested in Southeast Asia.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books/about/Development_and_Security_in_Southeast_As.html?id=YsGajqMs8foC\&redir_esc=y}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {David B. Dewitt and Carolina G. Hernandez} } @magazinearticle {6911, title = {Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Cross-border Traffic in Waste Obscures the Problem of Consumption}, journal = {Alternatives Journal}, volume = {29}, year = {2003}, pages = {39-40}, url = {http://www.alternativesjournal.ca/magazine/smart-growth-293}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Thomas Princen} } @inbook {6892, title = {The Privatization of Global Environmental Governance: ISO 14000 and the Developing World}, booktitle = {Environment in the New Global Economy: Volume II }, year = {2003}, pages = {145-166}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, organization = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, abstract = {

International environmental threats have commanded widespread attention since the late 1960s. A number of unprecedented environmental disasters have galvanized public concern, and have reached the international political agenda in part through the activities of new environmental social movements in the industrialized countries.

Environment in the New Global Economy is designed as a reference source for both students, researchers and policymakers concerned with the political dimension of international environmental problems. Peter Haas has selected those previously published articles which are seminal in the development of this new field and which have either generated widespread debate or represent a clear application of major approaches to the understanding of these new issues. He has also provided an authoritative introduction to complement his selection.

}, url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/environment-in-the-new-global-economy?___website=uk_warehouse}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Peter M. Haas} } @article {6833, title = {Transnational Corporate Interests and Global Environmental Governance: Negotiating Rules for Agricultural Biotechnology and Chemicals}, journal = {Environmental Politics}, volume = {12}, year = {2003}, pages = {1-23}, abstract = {

This essay examines the role of the agricultural input industry in the negotiation of two environmental treaties: the Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. It seeks to explain why industry players were willing to accept a phase-out of POPs chemicals but were reluctant to accept strict regulation of the trade in genetically modified organisms. This comparison is an important one to consider, as the line that once divided the agricultural chemicals and agricultural biotechnology industries has become more blurred, such that many of the same firms now are involved in both pesticide production and agricultural biotechnology. The essay argues that in order to fully understand industry positions on these two treaties, economic factors facing these industries must be examined. The shifting profitability of the pesticides and seeds industries over the past two decades goes a long way to explaining not only the positions industry players took in these two environmental treaty negotiations, but also the merger of the two sectors in recent years.

}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644010412331308354}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @magazinearticle {6913, title = {Cleaning Up Their Act: During the Past Decade, Many Transnational Corporations Have Not Lived Up to Their Promises to Reduce Hazardous Wastes and Promote Cleaner Production That They Made at the Rio Earth Summit}, journal = {Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy}, volume = {16}, year = {2002}, pages = {28-33}, url = {https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-92939202/cleaning-up-their-act-during-the-past-decade-many}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6895, title = {The Distancing of Waste: Overconsumption in a Global Economy}, booktitle = {Confronting Consumption}, year = {2002}, pages = {155-176}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

Comforting terms such as "sustainable development" and "green production" frame environmental debate by stressing technology (not green enough), economic growth (not enough in the right places), and population (too large). Concern about consumption emerges, if at all, in benign ways; as calls for green purchasing or more recycling, or for small changes in production processes. Many academics, policymakers, and journalists, in fact, accept the economists{\textquoteright} view of consumption as nothing less than the purpose of the economy. Yet many people have a troubled, intuitive understanding that tinkering at the margins of production and purchasing will not put society on an ecologically and socially sustainable path.

Confronting Consumption places consumption at the center of debate by conceptualizing "the consumption problem" and documenting diverse efforts to confront it. In Part 1, the book frames consumption as a problem of political and ecological economy, emphasizing core concepts of individualization and commoditization. Part 2 develops the idea of distancing and examines transnational chains of consumption in the context of economic globalization. Part 3 describes citizen action through local currencies, home power, voluntary simplicity, "ad-busting," and product certification. Together, the chapters propose "cautious consuming" and "better producing" as an activist and policy response to environmental problems. The book concludes that confronting consumption must become a driving focus of contemporary environmental scholarship and activism.

}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/confronting-consumption}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Thomas Princen and Ken Conca and Michael Maniates} } @article {31856, title = {Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy}, journal = {Cleaning up their act}, year = {2002}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036623774\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @magazinearticle {6912, title = {Piles of Poisons: Despite NAFTA\&$\#$39;s Green Promises, Hazardous Waste Problems are Deepening in Mexico}, journal = {Alternatives Journal}, volume = {28}, year = {2002}, pages = {25-26}, url = {http://www.alternativesjournal.ca/magazine/sustaining-livelihoods-282}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6835, title = {Seeping Through the Regulatory Cracks: The International Transfer of Toxic Waste}, journal = {SAIS Review}, volume = {22}, year = {2002}, pages = {141-155}, abstract = {

The management of toxic waste has become an increasingly global business. The global generation of toxic waste is around 440 million tons, and an estimated 10 percent of that waste makes its way across international boundaries.1 Industries that generate toxic wastes are many, ranging from chemicals to electronics and from plastics to metal plating. Such toxic wastes have adverse affects on the natural environment and have been linked with various health problems, from immune and reproductive disorders to respiratory and other illnesses. The environmental and health concerns related to toxic waste makes decisions about where to dispose of it highly political. Though they are politically charged, toxic wastes seem to move with relative ease from one country to another, albeit subject to certain rules. The international trade in hazardous wastes
is governed by various national and international regulations, such as the Basel Convention, which aim to ensure that the wastes are dealt with in an environmentally sound manner. In this paper, I argue that although global regulations seek to prevent adverse environmental outcomes, the result is not always environmentally benign. There are several key weaknesses, or {\textquoteright}cracks{\textquoteright} in existing agreements that allow the trade to continue, often in ways that are not the most environmentally sound. Before explaining these weaknesses, I first give an overview of the rise of the waste trade and the rules that have come about to govern it.

}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6834, title = {What the Pollution Havens Debate Overlooks}, journal = {Global Environmental Politics}, volume = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {11-19}, abstract = {

Whether or not pollution havens exist in poor countries has been the subject of a great deal of debate in recent decades. This concern is warranted, as the intensity of dirty industry is rising in the developing world just as it is falling in the industrialized world. But identifying pollution havens is extremely difficult in practice. Part of the reason for this is that there are important flaws with the methods and measures used in the pollution havens literature which results in an overly narrow debate. It may be time to abandon the narrowly constructed pollution havens debate in favor of a more open-ended analysis of the linkages between global trade and investment and environmental regulation.

}, url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/15263800260047790?journalCode=glep}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6914, title = {Basel Convention}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change}, year = {2001}, pages = {146-147}, publisher = {John Wiley}, organization = {John Wiley}, address = {Chichester}, url = {http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471977969.html}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Ted Munn} } @inbook {6896, title = {ISO Environmental Standards: Industry\’s Gift to a Polluted Globe or the Developed World\’s Competition-Killing Strategy?}, booktitle = {Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development 2001/02}, year = {2001}, pages = {27-33}, publisher = {Earthscan Publications}, organization = {Earthscan Publications}, address = {London}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books?id=HS7_AQAAQBAJ\&pg=PA372\&lpg=PA372\&dq=Yearbook+of+International+Co-operation+on+Environment+and+Development+2001/02\&source=bl\&ots=PQ0LjgdSbd\&sig=VyJ2Y7ZeVM6DKUtdU6CXzDYsirs\&hl=en\&sa=X\&redir_esc=y$\#$v=onepage\&q=Yearbook\%20of\%20I}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Olav Schram Stokke and {\O}ystein B. Thommessen} } @book {5846, title = {Toxic Exports: The Transfer of Hazardous Wastes from Rich to Poor Countries}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Cornell University Press}, organization = {Cornell University Press}, address = {Ithica}, abstract = {

In recent years, international trade in toxic waste and hazardous technologies by firms in rich industrialized countries has emerged as a routine practice. Many poor countries have accepted these deadly imports but are ill equipped to manage the materials safely. For more than a decade, environmentalists and the governments of developing countries have lobbied intensively and generated public outcry in an attempt to halt hazardous transfers from Northern industrialized nations to the Third World, but the practice continues.

In her insightful and important book, Jennifer Clapp addresses this alarming problem. Clapp describes the responses of those engaged in hazard transfer to international regulations, and in particular to the 1989 adoption of the Basel Convention. She pinpoints a key weakness of the regulations{\textemdash}because hazard transfer is dynamic, efforts to stop one form of toxic export prompt new forms to emerge. For instance, laws intended to ban the disposal of toxic wastes in the Third World led corporations to ship these byproducts to poor countries for "recycling." And, Clapp warns, current efforts to prohibit this "recycling movement" may accelerate a new business endeavor: the relocation to poor countries of entire industries that generate toxic wastes.

Clapp concludes that the dynamic nature of hazard transfer results from increasingly fluid global trade and investment relations in the context of a highly unequal world, and from the leading role played by multinational corporations and environmental NGOs. Governments, she maintains, have for too long failed to capture the initiative and have instead only reacted to these opposing forces.

}, url = {http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100368150}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6897, title = {Africa and the International Toxic Waste Trade}, booktitle = {The Environment and Development in Africa}, year = {2000}, pages = {103-123}, publisher = {Lexington Books}, organization = {Lexington Books}, address = {Lanham, MD}, abstract = {

The premise of The Environment and Development in Africa is that current environmental problems in sub-Saharan Africa are an outcome of the continent{\textquoteright}s development activities. Whether these activities have generated economic growth and raised living standards or have led to growth without overall increases in living standards--or have even contributed to a decline in people{\textquoteright}s well-being--developments in that region have produced effects that have degraded Africa{\textquoteright}s environment in many ways. This book presents a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the context of the environmental issues facing sub-Saharan African states. Contributors discuss the problems associated with generating the capacity to manage Africa{\textquoteright}s environmental concerns; assess the impact of economic development efforts on the region{\textquoteright}s environment; and examine various societal and policy responses to environmental problems and to development problems linked to ecological decay. This is an important book for scholars and policy advisors concerned with African studies and global environmental issues.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Environment_and_Development_in_Afric.html?id=SJAecU-GAtwC\&redir_esc=y}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Moses K. Tesi} } @report {6915, title = {Synthesis Report: The Environment, Development and Security Task Force}, year = {2000}, pages = {6-11}, institution = {Development and Security in Southeast Asia Project}, address = {DSSEA Update No. 7}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Dauvergne} } @inbook {6898, title = {The Global Economy and Environmental Change in Africa}, booktitle = {Political Economy and the Changing Global Order}, year = {1999}, pages = {208-217}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, edition = {2nd Edition}, address = {Oxford}, abstract = {

{\textquoteright}How will global order unfold as we move into the next millennium?{\textquoteright} With this basic question as a starting point, leading scholars in politics, economics, and international relations from ten different countries have written 33 chapters specially commissioned for this new second edition, whichalso includes introductory essays by the editors. Rapid change has become the norm in the international political economy. The relatively strong and surprisingly sustained performance of the North American economies, the growing economic integration of the European Union, and the economic crises in Asia and Russia all attest to the increasing paceand apparent unpredictability of changes to the global economy. Political Economy and the Changing Global Order provides an authoritative introduction to these changes and to the theory and changing practice of international economic relations as the world enters the new millennium. The book ranges widely, covering developments at global, regional, and national levels, key issues and trends, and the changing policies of major state actors, as well as presenting a broad spectrum of theoretical perspectives. Particular emphasis is given to the role of the state in theinternational political economy, the increasing importance of non-state actors, and the growing influence of both public and private forms of transnational governance.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books?id=IltgQgAACAAJ\&printsec=frontcover\&dq=editions:ISBN0195419898}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Geoffrey Underhill}, editor = {Richard Stubbs} } @inbook {6899, title = {The Illicit Trade in Hazardous Wastes and CFCs: International Responses to Environmental \&$\#$39;Bads\&$\#$39;}, booktitle = {The Illicit Global Economy and State Power}, year = {1999}, pages = {91-123}, publisher = {Rowman and Littlefield}, organization = {Rowman and Littlefield}, address = {Lanham, MD}, abstract = {

Illicit cross-border flows, such as the smuggling of drugs, migrants, weapons, toxic waste, and dirty money, are proliferating on a global scale. This underexplored, clandestine side of globalization has emerged as an increasingly important source of conflict and cooperation among nation-states, state agents, nonstate actors, and international organizations. Contrary to scholars and policymakers who claim a general erosion of state power in the face of globalization, this pathbreaking volume of original essays explores the selective nature of the stateOs retreat, persistence, and reassertion in relation to the illicit global economy. It fills a gap in the international political economy literature and offers a new and powerful lens through which to examine core issues of concern to international relations scholars: the changing nature of states and markets, the impact of globalization across place and issue areas, and the sources of cooperation and conflict.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Illicit_Global_Economy_and_State_Pow.html?id=szbhx6-xVaIC\&redir_esc=y}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {H. Richard Friman and Peter Andreas} } @inbook {6900, title = {Standard Inequities: ISO 14000 May Encourage Cleaner Production in Developing Countries but it may also Bring Higher Costs and Lower Performance Requirements}, booktitle = {Voluntary Initiatives: The New Politics of Corporate Greening}, year = {1999}, pages = {199-210}, publisher = {Broadview Press}, organization = {Broadview Press}, address = {Peterborough, ON}, abstract = {

For many industrial interests and governments in Canada and elsewhere, voluntary initiatives are the hot new way to win greener corporate behaviour. Such initiatives, the proponents say, are more efficient than the conventional regulatory approach and will bring significant environmental improvements while reducing corporate and government costs. Veteran environmentalist are suspicious. They see more interest in cost cutting than in environmental responsibility and anticipate a de-regulatory retreat back to the bad old days of backroom deals and reliance on corporate good will.

There is also a third possibility. Voluntary initiatives could play a role in a new politics of corporate greening that embraces voluntarism but integrates this with full use of regulatory tools, public scrutiny, and other means of forcing and facilitating environmental improvements in the private sector.

In Voluntary Initiatives, some of Canada{\textquoteright}s foremost experts and practitioners examine the experience of such initiatives so far, debate the promises and pitfalls, and consider implications for the future politics of corporate greening. In so doing they also begin to shed light on alternative models for political action.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books?id=CIuEWEUoZsAC\&pg=PA270\&lpg=PA270\&dq=Voluntary+Initiatives:+The+New+Politics+of+Corporate+Greening\&source=bl\&ots=l9cGLar2hb\&sig=g3x7E1Z4D1vkeqONiePREgo4oas\&hl=en\&sa=X\&redir_esc=y$\#$v=onepage\&q=Voluntary\%20Initiatives\%3A\%20The\%}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Robert B. Gibson} } @article {31857, title = {Environmental Politics}, journal = {Foreign direct investment in hazardous industries in developing countries: rethinking the debate}, year = {1998}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032448220\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {6836, title = {Foreign Direct Investment in Hazardous Industries in Developing Countries: Rethinking the Debate}, journal = {Environmental Politics}, volume = {7}, year = {1998}, pages = {92-113}, abstract = {

It is often asserted that the debate over industry location and the environment is closed. It is argued MNCs do not invest in highly polluting industries in developing countries in order to take advantage of weaker environmental regulations, as environmental costs are not sufficient to warrant industry relocation. This article argues that this assertion may not always hold for foreign direct investment in the most highly hazardous industries in developing countries, and that there is reason to revisit this debate. In addition, there has been a growing incidence of FDI and double standards practised by MNCs in hazardous industries in the South in the past decade, while at the same time very little has been done to transfer clean production technologies. Recent voluntary environmental initiatives on the part of global industry do not seem to have changed the situation. Instead, there seems to be growing concentration of so-called {\textquoteleft}green{\textquoteright} investment in clean-up, rather than clean technologies. Though such technologies may help to remediate contaminated sites and provide a place to put hazardous wastes produced in developing countries, they do not do much to help to avoid the generation of hazardous wastes in the first place.

}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644019808414424}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6901, title = {Global Economic Factors in Africa\’s Environmental Crisis}, booktitle = {Africa in the Post-Cold War International System}, year = {1998}, pages = {195-213}, publisher = {Pinter}, organization = {Pinter}, address = {London}, abstract = {

\ 

This is an informed, critical and comprehensive analysis of the impact of the end of the Cold War on Africa and the attempts by African states to adjust to the emerging international order. The chapters, which are all original, have been written by some of the leading and most perceptive scholars working in African history, politics, economics, environment and international relations.

Topics included fall into the above broad subject areas, as well as -- more specifically -- security and strategic issues, human rights, conflict management, relations with the great powers, international organizations and multilateral financial institutions. The book brings together in one volume both original data and critical new thinking on Africa{\textquoteright}s post-Cold War international relations.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books/about/Africa_in_the_post_Cold_War_internationa.html?id=6IaPAAAAMAAJ\&redir_esc=y}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Sola Akinrinade and Amadu Sesay} } @article {31858, title = {Global Governance}, journal = {The privatization of global environmental governance: ISO 14000 and the developing world}, year = {1998}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032221233\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {6838, title = {The Privatization of Global Environmental Governance: ISO 14000 and the Developing World}, journal = {Global Governance}, volume = {4}, year = {1998}, pages = {295-316}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/27800201?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {5847, title = {Adjustment and Agriculture in Africa: Farmers, the State, and the World Bank in Guinea}, year = {1997}, publisher = {Macmillan Press}, organization = {Macmillan Press}, address = {London}, abstract = {

With the adoption of a World Bank-sponsored structural adjustment programme in the mid-1980s, Guinea underwent a dramatic change in its economic and agricultural policies. The country{\textquoteright}s experience over the past decade illustrates some of the most pressing problems encountered by African countries pursuing economic reform. This book analyses these difficulties by examining the adjustment experience in Guinea as it affected the country{\textquoteright}s overall political economy and the agricultural sector in particular. It also places this case within the broader context of African adjustment.

}, url = {http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9780333666067}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6841, title = {The Illegal CFC Trade: An Unexpected Wrinkle in the Ozone Protection Regime}, journal = {International Environmental Affairs}, volume = {9}, year = {1997}, pages = {259-273}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6842, title = {The Illicit Trade in Hazardous Wastes and CFCs: International Responses to Environmental \‘Bads\&$\#$39;}, journal = {Trends in Organized Crime}, volume = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {14-18}, url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007\%2Fs12117-997-1167-z.pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31859, title = {International Environmental Affairs}, journal = {The illegal CFC trade: An unexpected wrinkle in the ozone protection regime}, year = {1997}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-8444247989\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @inbook {6902, title = {Threats to the Environment in an Era of Globalization: An End to State Sovereignty?}, booktitle = {Surviving Globalism}, year = {1997}, pages = {123-140}, publisher = {Macmillan}, organization = {Macmillan}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Management consultant Kenichi Ohmae describes the new reality of global economic competition as a {\textquoteright}borderless world{\textquoteright}. What is the future of human values, and of environmental quality, in such a world? The authors whose work is collected in Surviving Globalism try to answer these questions from the point of view of sociology, social history, philosophy, geography and political theory. Many argue that the gains made over the last few decades in terms of social justice and environmental protection are in grave peril. Others take a somewhat more optimistic note, but all emphasize the importance of dealing with environmental and social policy against the background of a transforming global economy.

}, url = {http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780333674253}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Ted Schrecker} } @report {6916, title = {Exploring the Linkages Between Environment, Development and Security in Southeast Asia}, year = {1996}, pages = {48-121}, institution = {CANCAPs Reports Vol. 1}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Peter Dauvergne} } @article {6843, title = {Guinea\’s Economic Performance under Structural Adjustment: Importance of Mining and Agriculture}, journal = {Journal of Modern African Studies}, volume = {33}, year = {1995}, pages = {425-449}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/161484?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents}, author = {Jennifer Clapp and Bonnie Campbell} } @inbook {6917, title = {The International Trade in Toxic Wastes}, booktitle = {The Encyclopedia of Conservation and Environmentalism}, year = {1995}, pages = {632-633}, publisher = {Garland}, organization = {Garland}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Focusing on both problems and solutions, this authoritative reference work maintains a healthy balance between science and the social sciences in its coverage of all aspects of the environment. The book is arranged alphabetically and is divided into three major sections: Ecology, Pollution, and Sustainability. The list of 240 contributors reads like a who{\textquoteright}s who of the world{\textquoteright}s leading conservation and environmental professionals.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books/about/Conservation_and_Environmentalism.html?id=jzaWNAEACAAJ\&redir_esc=y}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Robert Paehlke} } @inbook {6918, title = {Protection of the Mediterranean Sea}, booktitle = {The Encyclopedia of Conservation and Environmentalism}, year = {1995}, pages = {426-427}, publisher = {Garland}, organization = {Garland}, address = {New York}, abstract = {

Focusing on both problems and solutions, this authoritative reference work maintains a healthy balance between science and the social sciences in its coverage of all aspects of the environment. The book is arranged alphabetically and is divided into three major sections: Ecology, Pollution, and Sustainability. The list of 240 contributors reads like a who{\textquoteright}s who of the world{\textquoteright}s leading conservation and environmental professionals.

}, url = {https://books.google.ca/books/about/Conservation_and_Environmentalism.html?id=jzaWNAEACAAJ\&redir_esc=y}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Robert Paehlke} } @article {31860, title = {Space Policy}, journal = {Cospas-Sarsat: a quiet success story}, year = {1995}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-58149324567\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Barnes, R.J.H. and Clapp, J.} } @article {6846, title = {Africa, NGOs, and the International Toxic Waste Trade}, journal = {Journal of Environment and Development}, volume = {3}, year = {1994}, pages = {17-46}, abstract = {

This article focuses on the involvement of Africa and environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in attempting to halt the international toxic waste trade. It shows that in addition to states, non-state actors have been important players in the international politics of the waste trade. An Africa-NGO alliance that formed in the late 1980s was able to influence the outcome of several international waste trade conventions. Despite regulations designed to keep waste imports out of Africa, waste traders were able to circumvent existing rules and continue their trade with the continent. In response to this persistence of the waste trade, a growing coalition ofenvironmental NGOs and developing country states has recently been successful in bringing about a global ban on the waste trade between Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and non-OECD countries. Whether or not this ban will be effective will depend to a great degree on the strength of the coalition of NGOs and states supporting the ban.

}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/107049659400300204}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @book {6933, title = {Dumping on the Poor: Toxic Waste Trade with Developing Countries}, year = {1994}, pages = {90 pages}, publisher = {White Horse Press}, organization = {White Horse Press}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, url = {https://www.amazon.com/Dumping-Poor-Developing-Countries-Occasional/dp/1899819045}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {6849, title = {Explaining Policy Reform Implementation in Guinea: The Role of both Internal and External Factors}, journal = {Journal of International Development}, volume = {6}, year = {1994}, pages = {307-326}, abstract = {

This paper examines the factors which affected the implementation of structural adjustment\  reforms in Guinea, a country which to date has received\  little attention, but which has experienced many of the classic problems of policy reform implementation. It is found that while recent attention given to domestic factors such as governance and institutional capacity in explaining the poor adjustment implementation record in Africa are justified, external factors such as donor behaviour and world market conditions played an equally important role. These domestic and external factors in Guinea affected not only the adoption and actual implementation of specific reform measures, but also the state{\textquoteright}s overall commitment to maintaining the adjustment programme once it was in place.

\ 

}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3380060305/pdf}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @inbook {6903, title = {Guinea\&$\#$39;s Foreign Policy: Incorporation and Marginalization in the New World Order}, booktitle = {The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in ECOWAS States}, year = {1994}, pages = {47-65}, publisher = {Macmillan}, organization = {Macmillan}, address = {London}, abstract = {

Both political economy and foreign policy have been transformed in the sixteen states of West Africa at the start of the 1990s because of interrelated external factors (end of the Cold War and start of a New International Division of Labour) and internal factors (national structural adjustment programmes). Sixteen leading analysts of new regional relations, of both cooperation and conflict, offer original revisionist insights into ECOWAS and ECOMOG, debt and democracy, reform and resistance. The mixture of case studies and comparative analyses constitutes a comprehensive overview of West African actors, issues, structures, perspectives and possibilities at the end of the century, with relevance for development discourses and directions in other peripheral regions. Together these offer timely redefinitions and reconceptualisations of central notions like civil society, diplomacy, foreign policy, peacekeeping, security, and self-reliance for political economies and cultures throughout the South.

}, url = {http://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9781349232796}, author = {Jennifer Clapp}, editor = {Tim Shaw and Julius Okolo} } @article {31861, title = {The Journal of Environment \& Development}, journal = {Africa, NGOs, and the International Toxic Waste Trade}, year = {1994}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0007694516\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {31862, title = {Journal of International Development}, journal = {Explaining policy reform implementation in Guinea: The role of both internal and external factors}, year = {1994}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028560530\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.A.} } @article {31863, title = {Third World Quarterly}, journal = {The toxic waste trade with less-industrialised countries: Economic linkages and political alliances}, year = {1994}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028598114\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.} } @article {6844, title = {The Toxic Waste Trade with Less-Industrialized Countries: Economic Linkages and Political Alliances}, journal = {Third World Quarterly}, volume = {15}, year = {1994}, pages = {505-518}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993297}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} } @article {31864, title = {Canadian Journal of African Studies}, journal = {Interpreting agricultural performance in Guinea under structural adjustment}, year = {1993}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028193163\&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, author = {Clapp, J.A.} } @article {6850, title = {Interpreting Agricultural Performance in Guinea under Structural Adjustment}, journal = {Canadian Journal of African Studies}, volume = {27}, year = {1993}, pages = {173-195}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/486058?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents}, author = {Jennifer Clapp} }